PLEDs

Section 13 11 Complicated splitting patterns can result when a proton is unequally cou pled to two or more protons that are different from one another... 

Thus it has been shown that thin insulating layers (in the nanometer range) at the interface metal/polymer in a PLED can significantly reduce the onset electric field necessary for EL [58-63]. This is still not fully understood and has been ascribed to band bending at the interface [64]. 

Figure 9-21. EL process in PLEDs. VB... valence band LB. ..conducting band V... potential M,M2... Mclal electrodes, U... bias voltage Z X2 —Interface luyers tK...bandgap P and Pr... positive and negative polarons /. Fermi energy, and 0... work I unclion.

The arrangement of the LECs offer some advantages compared to the PLEDs in an MSM or MIM arrangement [48] ... 

In the first method, a small quantity of material may be samr pled directly for each test. Alternatively, this may then be mixed with a diluting fluid of larger volume, say of the order of 1 or 2 ml. In this case, if 10 pi were sampled, and diluted to 1 ml, then each 100 pi would actually contain 1 yl of specimen. This could then be measured with an accuracy of better than 1 or 2%. 

As a class of n-type organic semiconductors, PBI derivatives have received considerable attention for a variety of applications [312, 313], for example, for organic or polymer light-emitting diodes (OLEDs and PLEDs) [314, 315], thin-film organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) [316, 317], solar cells [318, 319], and liquid crystals [320]. They are also interesting candidates for single-molecule device applications, such as sensors [321], molecular wires [322], or transistors [141]. 

An explosion can generally be considered suppressed if the expected maximum explosion pressure Pmax at the optimum concentration of the combustible product (7 to 10 bar)—assuming the explosion suppression system has an activation overpressure P of 0.1 bar—is reduced to a maximum reduced explosion overpressure Pled.ma< < 1 bar. This means that a vessel safeguarded in this way needs to be designed so that it is secured against explosions of up to 1 bar (equivalent to P .d ln, ). The activation overpressure P is that pressure at which an explosion suppression system will be activated. 

SMOLEDs and PLEDs as Emitter Elements in Flat-Panel Displays.25... 

Section 1.2 gives a brief review of conjugated polymers in semiconducting and metallic phases. Section 1.3 discusses device architectures and their corresponding processes. Section 1.4 introduces some novel devices and their functions in thin-film polymer devices. Section 1.5 is devoted to technical merits of SMOLEDs and PLEDs used as emitter elements in flat-panel displays. 

The processible organic conductors, semiconductors, and insulators (not discussed in this chapter but well known historically for saturated polymers with sp3 electronic configuration) form fundamental material set for device applications. In the following sections, we discuss how to construct a PLED with such material set. 

For PLEDs with relatively small active area, the anode can be made of a single layer of conducting polymers with relatively high bulk electric conductivity. Gustafsson and coworkers at UNIAX demonstrated a flexible PLED with conducting PANI-CSA anode, and... 

FIGURE 1.8 Energy band structure of a PLED in the configuration of ITO/MEH-PPV/Ca. 

FIGURE 1.11 Luminous efficiency as a function of driving current in a PLED made with Covion PDY. 

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