PLC phospholipase

Ap4A, diadenosine tetraphosphate BBG, Brilliant blue green BzATP, 2 - 3 -0-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl)-ATP cAMP, cyclic AMP CCPA, chlorocyclopentyl adenosine CPA, cyclopentyl adenosine CTP, cytosine triphosphate DPCPX, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipnopylxanthine IP3, inosine triphosphate lpsl, diinosine penta phosphate a,p-meATP, a,p-methylene ATP p.y-meATP, p.y-meihylene ATP 2-MeSADP, 2-methylthio ADP 2-MeSAMP, 2-methylthio AMP 2-MeSATP, 2-methylthio ATP NECA, 5 -W-ethylcarboxamido adenosine PPADS, pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2, 4 -disulfonic acid PLC, phospholipase C RB2, reactive blue 2 TNP-ATP, 2, 3 -0-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) ATP. 

Fig. 12. Tentative model of the signal transduction chain that links the perception of pectic fragments to defense responses in carrot cells. Abbreviations apy, heterotrimeric G protein CaM, calmodulin 4CL, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase CTX, cholera toxin FC, fusicoccine GDP-P-S and GTP-y-S, guanosine 5 -0-(2-thiodiphosphate) and guanosine 5 -0-(3-thiotriphosphate) IP3, 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase PLC, phospholipase C PR, pathogenesis related PTX, pertussis toxin Rc, receptor SP, staurosporine. Activation and inhibition are symbolized by + and -respectively.

Abbreviations 3ARK1, -adrenergic receptor kinase 1 PLC, phospholipase C GIRK, G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium channel Ca(N, P, Q), N-type, P-type, or Q-type calcium channel. 

Figure 4 Schematic representation of the Ca2+-transporting systems affecting cellular calcium homeostasis during hormonal stimulation, oq = oq-adrenergic receptor VP = vasopressin receptor PLC = phospholipase C PI = phosphatidylinositol PIP = phospha-tidylinositol-4-phosphate PIP2 = phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate IP3 = inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate DG = diacylglycerol PKC = protein kinase C. (Modified from Refs. 125 and 285.)...

Figure 4. Cartoon showing the role of the diacylglycerol to ceramide ratio in determining the fate of cells. Abbreviations CER, ceramide DAG, diacylglycerol PLC, phospholipase C PLD, phospholipase D SMase, sphingomyelinase.

Fig. 3. Mechanisms of vasocontraction and vasorelaxation in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. COX cyclooxygenase, eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase, HO-1 heme oxygenase-1, EET epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, EDHF endothelium-derived hyperpolariz-ing factor, PGI2 prostaglandin I2, NO nitric oxide, CO carbon monoxide, PLC phospholipase C, IP3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, DAG diacylglycerol, ER/SR endo-plasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum, AC adenylyl cyclase, cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate, sGC soluble guanylyl cyclase, cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate.

Figure 14-3. Signaling through protein kinase C (PKC). Activated phospholipase C cleaves the inositol phospholipid PIP2 to form both soluble (IP3) and membrane-associated (DAG) second messengers. DAG recruits PKC to the membrane, where binding of calcium ions to PKC fully activates it. To accomplish this, IP3 promotes a transient increase of intracellular concentration by binding to a receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum, which opens a channel allowing release of stored calcium ions. PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate DAG, diacylglycerol PLC, phospholipase C IP3, inositol trisphosphate.

Deans JP, Sehieven GL, Shu GL et al. Association of tyrosine and serine kinases with the B-cell sur-faee antigen CD20 induetion via CD20 of tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 and PLC phospholipase C-gamma 2. JImmunol 1993 151 4494 504. 

Figure 1.10 Model of a G protein-coupled receptor with 7 membrane-spanning domains. Binding of an agonist to the receptor causes GDP to exchange with GTP. The a-GTP complex then dissociates from the receptor and the py complex and interacts with intercellular en mes or ion channels. The Py complex can activate an ion channel or possibly also interact with intercellular enzymes. GDP, guanine diphosphate GTP, guanine triphosphate cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate PKC, protein kinase C PLC, phospholipase C DAG, diacylglycerol.

Ca2+j, intracellular calcium cAMP, cyclic adenosine 3, 5 -monophosphate PLC, phospholipase C isoPs, isoprostanes 15d-PGJ2, 15-deoxy-A12,14-PGJ2. 

Figure 1 The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family. IP3, inositol triphosphate PLC, phospholipase C AC, adenylate cyclase (adapted from Felder et al. 2000).

Effect of lithium on the IP3 and DAG second-messenger system. The schematic diagram shows the synaptic membrane of a neuron. (PIP2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate PLC, phospholipase-C G, coupling protein EFFECTS, activation of protein kinase C, mobilization of intracellular Ca2+, etc.) Lithium, by inhibiting the recycling of inositol substrates, may cause... 

Fig. 1. Targeted lipidomics of anandamide metabolism. Postulated pathways of anandamide metabolism. Abbreviations PC, phosphatidylcholine PE, phosphatidylethanolamine NAT, JV-acyl transferase LPA, lysophosphatidic acid PA, phosphatidic acid NAPE, jV-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine Lyso-NAPE, l-lyso,2-acyl-OT-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-JV-acyl ABHD-4, a//3 hydrolase-4 GP-anandamide, glycerophospho-anandamide PAEA, phospho-anandamide PLA, phospholipase A NAPE-PLD, NAPE phospholipase D PLC, phospholipase C FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase P, phosphatase COX, cyclooxygenase LOX, lipoxygenase CYP450, cytochrome P450 PDE, phosphodiesterase.

Fig. 2. Targeted lipidomics of 2-AG metabolism. Postulated pathways for 2-AG metabolism. Abbreviations PLC, phospholipase C DAG, diacylglycerol DGL, diacylglycerol lipase MGL, monoacylglycerol lipase PLA, phospholipase A AT, acyltransferase TAGL, triacylglycerol lipase PIP2, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate ABHD-6/12 hydrolase lyso-PL, lysophospholipid lyso-PA, lysophosphatidic acid PA, phosphatidic add P, phosphatase COX, cydooxygen-ase LOX, lipoxygenase CYP450, cytochrome P450 CDP, cytidine diphosphate.

G-protein results in a decrease of intracellular calcium. Receptors that are able to activate PLC (phospholipase C) enzymes cause release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and influence Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane (Werry et al. 2003). 

Fig. 5.2 Early G-protein signaling events at the AT]R. Phospholipases C and D are sequentially activated by heterotrimeric G-protein subunits to produce important second messengers such as IP3 and DAG. See text for details. ATiR, angiotensin II type 1 receptor DAG, diacylglycerol IP3, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate PA, phosphatidic acid PC, phosphatidylcholine PIP2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate PKC, protein kinase C PLC, phospholipase C PLD, phospholipase D.

Fig. 3. The interrelated changes in the metabolism of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and Ca2+ during activation of the cell by a typical Ca2+-dependent hormone. R, receptor G, guanine regulatory protein PLC, phospholipase C DG, diacylglycerol CK, protein kinase C [Ca2+]sm, the Ca2+ concentration in a cellular domain just beneath the plasma membrane (striped area) Insl,4,SP3, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Insl,3,4,5P4, inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate [Ca2+]c, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration CaM, calmodulin arrows (=>), fluxes of Ca2+ across membranes s=>, energy-dependent fluxes CaY, a calcium pool in specialized compartment of the endoplasmic reticulum. See text for discussion.

Figure 32.4. Cyclosporin A (CsA) disruption of signal transduction pathways leading to IL-2 production. CsA binds to cyclophilin in the cytoplasm. The complex disrupts at least two signaling pathways, decreasing activation of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-AT that lead to activation of genes involved in cytokine production. See text for detailed explanation. Abbreviations TCR, T-cell receptor PLC, phospholipase C IP3, inositol triphosphate PKC, protein kinase C DAG, diacylglycerol NF-AT, nuclear factor of activation PI, phophati-dylinositol PC, phosphatidylcholine.

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