Plasticizers mannitol

The acetates of the l,4 3,6-dianhydrohexitols may also be useful as plasticizers both 2,5-diacetyl-l,4 3,6-dianhydro-D-mannitol and the analogous D-sorbitol derivative have been described.97... 

The methyl and ethyl ethers of the dianhydrides have properties which may make them useful as plasticizers. 2,5-Diallyl-dianhydro-sorbitol (XVII) and 2,5-diallyl-dianhydro-mannitol (XVIII) and the corresponding methallyl derivatives polymerize to resinous materials on being heated in oxygen.The allyl derivatives polymerize about five times as fast as the methallyl derivatives, to give products somewhat similar to that obtained by Nichols and Yanovsky by the polymerization of methyl tetraallyl-a-n-glucoside. 

Sorbitol is a hexahydric alcohol that is isomeric with mannitol, and which has been described as a humectant, plasticizer, sweetening agent, and tablet and capsule diluent. It is used extensively in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries, since it has a sweet taste and approximately 50-60% the sweetness of sucrose. 

The ADMET polymerization of sugar-based monomers is much less explored than the ROMP approach, and only a few examples have been reported to date. Bui and Hudlicky prepared a,oo-dienes derived from a biocatalytically synthesized diene diol, from which chiral polymers (up to 20 kDa) with D-c/uro-inositol units were prepared via ADMET in the presence of 1 mol% of C4 [169]. Furthermore, several ot,co-dienes containing D-mannitol, D-ribose, D-isomannide, and D-isosorbide have been synthesized by Enholm and Mondal [170]. Also in this study, C4 was used to catalyze the ADMET polymerizations at 1 mol% catalyst loading. As pointed out by the authors, the viscosity increased as the reactions progressed and vacuum had to be applied to efficiently remove the released ethylene. Unfortunately, the polymers obtained were not further analyzed. As already mentioned above, Fokou and Meier have also reported the ADMET polymerization of a fatty acid-/D-isosorbide-based a,co-diene [126]. Furthermore, Krausz et al. have synthesized plastic films with good mechanical properties by cross-linking fatty esters of cellulose in the presence of C3 [171-173]. 

For a two-level factorial design, only two excipients can be selected for each factor. However, for the filler-binder, a combination of brittle and plastic materials is preferred for optimum compaction properties. Therefore, different combinations such as lactose with MCC or mannitol with starch can count as a single factor. Experimental responses can be powder blend flowability, compactibility, blend uniformity, uniformity of dose unit, dissolution, disintegration, and stability under stressed storage conditions. The major advantage of using a DOE to screen prototype formulations is that it allows evaluation of all potential factors simultaneously, systematically, and efficiently. It helps the scientist understand the effect of each formulation factor on each response, as well as potential interaction between factors. It also helps the scientist identify the critical factors based on statistical analysis. DOE results can define a prototype formulation that will meet the predefined requirements for product performance stability and manufacturing. 

The use of sorbitol in enhancing the clarity of urea-formaldehyde resins is described in a patent (30) as is also its use with inorganic materials to form useful plastics (31). A dianhydride of sorbitol is described as a humectant for tobacco (34). The main industrial studies of Goepp were concerned with the use of sorbitol and D-mannitol in the manufacture of resins of the ester gum (esters with rosin acids) or alkyd (linseed oil-phthalic anhydride-hexitol) types (32, 14). It was shown that in the preparation of these polyesters the behavior of the hexitols is... 

Mannitol has also been used to prevent thickening in aqueous antacid suspensions of aluminum hydroxide (<7% w/v). It has been suggested as a plasticizer in soft-gelatin capsules, as a component of sustained-release tablet formula-tions, and as a carrier in dry powder inhalers. It is also used as a diluent in rapidly dispersing oral dosage forms. 

Mannitol solutions, 20% w/v or stronger, may be salted out by potassium chloride or sodium chloride. Precipitation has been reported to occur when a 25% w/v mannitol solution was allowed to contact plastic. Sodium cephapirin at 2 mg/mL... 

Epperson E. Mannitol crystallization in plastic containers [letter]. Am J Hosp Pharm 1978 35 1337. 

USE Used with boric acid in the manuf of dry electrolytic condensers for radio applications in making artificial resins and plasticizers in pharmacy as excipient and diluent for solids and liqs in analytical chemistry for boron determinations in the manuf of mannitol hexanitrate. Used in the food industry as anticaking and free f]ow agent flavoring agent, Lubricant and release agent, stabilizer and thickener and nutritive sweetener,... 

Synthetic drying oils from D-glucitol and D-mannitol, and drying oil acids have been described 104), Dianhydrohexitols completely esterified with saturated, medium-length fatty acids are useful as plasticizers 105). Analogous esterification products have been obtained from the reaction of hexitols with rosin drying oil acids, phthalic anhydride, and succinic and citric acids. The diacrylate and dimethacrylate esters of the dianhydrohexitols polymerize readily on being heated 106). 

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