Plasminogen, carbohydrate

Recent applications of HPAEC-PAD are many and varied. A representative list includes quantitation of polyglucose metabolites in plasma of dialysis patients,148 analysis of heat-treated milk,149 carbohydrate content in lipopolysaccharides,150 phosphorylated sugars in tissue samples,151 composition of soybean meal,152 carbohydrate composition of recombinant modified tissue plasminogen activator,153 analysis of cyclization products from an enzyme reaction,154 carbohydrate content of glycoconjugate vaccines,155 and monitoring of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.156... 

Hotchkiss A, Refino CJ, Leonard CK, O Connor JV, Crowley C, McCabe J,Tate K, Nakamura G, Powers D, Levinson A. The influence of carbohydrate structure on the clearance of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Thromb Haemostasis 1988 60 255-61. 

Alteplase is a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). As a result of its production in eukaryotic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, carbohydrate residues are present as in the native substance. At the therapeutically used dosage, alteplase loses its fibrin dependence and thus also activates circulating plasminogen. In fresh myocardial infarctions, alteplase appears to produce better results than does streptokinase. 

A. W. Guzzetta, L. J. Basa,W. S. Hancock, B. A. Keyt, and W. F. Bennett, Identification of carbohydrate structures in glycoprotein peptide maps by the use of LC/MS with selected ion extraction with special reference to tissue plasminogen activator and a glycosylation variant produced by site directed mutagenesis, AwaZ. Chem. 65 (1993), 2953-2962. 

Plasminogen is the precursor of the serine protease plasmin which is involved in dissolution of fibrin clots and, hence, in removal of thrombi. The plasma concentration is about 12mg/100ml and the molecular mass 81 kDa. It contains 17.1% carbohydrate on two sites, one N-linked and one O-linked oligosaccharide. A variant is also known that is only 0-glycosylated. The structures of the oligosaccharides have been determined [71-73], and are shown in Fig. 11. 

Leibundgut et al. 2012 low-carbohydrate (HFLC) diet and low-fat high-carbohydrate (LFHC) diet Plasminogen from commercially available... 

Chen JP, Yang PC, Ma YH, Wu T. Characterization of chitosan magnetic nanoparticles for in situ delivery of t plasminogen activator. Carbohydr Polym. 2011 84(l) 364-72. 

Desialylation destroys the protease activity of plasminogen. Functional prothrombin arises from its precursor by two post-translational modifications a vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, followed by glycosylation in the carboxylated region (prothrombin fragment 1 AS 1-156). Deglycosylation of prothrombin in the presence of Ca " leads to greatly increased self-association this occurs at certain contact points on the molecule, which are probably concealed by carbohydrate chains in the intact molecule (Fletcher et al... 

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is a 527 amino acid serine protease glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 64 kDa. About 8% of the MW is due to carbohydrate. 

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