Trout plasma

Catfish (Clarias batrachus) plasma vitellogenin levels were significantly decreased after 48 hours of exposure to 0.0015 mg/L of commercial-grade endosulfan (Chakravorty et al. 1992). Levels did not recover substantially with injections of various hormones, including estradiol. In rainbow trout, endosulfan did not induce vitellogenin production at 9 days after a single intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg in peanut oil (Andersen et al. 1999). 

Harris, C.A., Santos, E.M., and Janbakhsh, A.P. et al. (2001). Nonylphenol affects gonadotropin levels in the pituitary gland and plasma of female rainbow trout. Environmental Science and Technology 35, 2909-2916. 

Vermeirssen, E.L.M., Burki, R., and Joris, C. et al. (2005). Characterization of the estrogenic-ity of Swiss midland rivers using a recombinant yeast bioassay and plasma vitellogenin concentrations in feral male brown trout. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 2226-2233. 

Campbell LM, DCG Muir, DM Whittle, S Backus, RJ Nostrum, AT Fisk (2003) Hydroxylated PCBs and other chlorinated phenolic compounds in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) blood plasma from the Great Lakes region. Environ Sci Technol 37 1720-1725. 

Cortisol Plasma Rainbow trout Yes Increased Bleau et al. (1996)... 

Bleau H, Daniel C, Chevaher G, Van Tra H, Hontela A. 1996. Effects of acute exposure to mercury chloride and methyhnercury on plasma cortisol, T3, T4, glucose and Ever glycogen in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat Toxicol 34 221-235. 

Essential hypertension, whose prevalence is increased nearly two-fold in the diabetic population, may be another source of free-radical activity. The vascular lesions of hypertension can be produced by free-radical reactions (Selwign, 1983). In the recent Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Risk Factor Study in Finnish men, a marked elevation of blood pressure was associated with low levels of both plasma ascorbate and serum selenium (Salonen etal., 1988). A few studies report a hypotensive effect of supplementary ascorbate in patients with hypertension, but the actual changes in both systolic and diastolic pressure after ascorbate were not statistically significant in comparison with placebo (Trout, 1991). 

Hansen, H.J.M., A.G. Olsen, and R Rosenkilde. 1993. The effect of Cu2+ on osmoregulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) assayed by changes in plasma salinity and gill lipid metabolism. Sci. Total Environ., Suppl. 1993, Part 2 899-905. 

Bettger, W.J., D.J. Spry, K.A. Cockell, C.Y. Cho, and J.W. Hilton. 1987. The distribution of zinc and copper in plasma erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 87C 445-451. 

Ruby, S.M., D.R. Idler, and Y.P. So. 1986. The effect of sublethal cyanide exposure on plasma vitellogenin levels in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during early vitellogenesis. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15 603-607. 

Newsted, J.L. and J.P. Giesy. 1993. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the epidermal growth factor receptor in hepatic plasma membranes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 119 41-51. 

Figure 3. Time course of Na+ binding to the exterior surface ( , gill and body combined) of 10 g rainbow trout compared with uptake into the entire plasma volume (O) or whole livers ( ) of the fish. Na+ uptake into the liver is also normalised to 0.325 g of fresh liver weight (A) to enable a direct comparison with the blood volume of the 10 g fish (0.325 ml, see Gingerich and Pityer [87]). Fish were dipped in 500 ml fresh water containing 0.2 mmol l 1Na+ and 10 p,Ci of 22Na+ (see [30] for other water-quality details), and then rinsed in 30 1 of unlabelled freshwater for 15 s to remove excess radio-isotope. Data are means S.E. (n = 6 fish). Note that Na+ measurements in/on tissues are absolute amounts in nmoles, not concentration units...

The dynamics of TFM and its glucuronic acid conjugate in rainbow trout were reported by Hunn and Allen (17). The major increase in the accumulation of TFM conjugate in the bile occurred at the same time (between 0.75 and 1.0 h of exposure) that the concentration of conjugate in the plasma dropped. 

Recently we have evaluated several exogenous and endogenous tests of liver function in rainbow trout following intoxication by the model hepatotoxicant CCl. The results of these studies indicate that elevated plasma activity of the enzyme glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) is the most sensitive endogenous index of... 

Figure 1. Plasma BSP concentrations in rainbow trout following single ip injections of either CClt (0.2 mL/kg or 2.0 rnL/kg) or MCB (0.5 rnL/kg or 1.0 mL/kg). Plasma dye concentrations were determined 45 min after a single dose of BSP (5.0 mg/kg) was given. Values represent the mean SE of the number of animals indicated in parentheses ( ), values which are significantly different from...

If reduced plasma clearance of BSP were related to anesthetic induced alterations in hepatic blood flow it should be evident early in the course of the intoxication when these types of effects would be most pronounced. We have reported that significant plasma retention of BSP in rainbow trout occurred only within the first 24 h after treatment with MCB... 

Following dialysis and treatment by SEC, the sample extracts were solvent exchanged into sterile DMSO. Subsequently, four rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss [RBT]) were placed in each of seven tanks (each tank is considered as a treatment and a replicate is an individual fish within a tank) in 18 °C well water (280 mg hardness as CaCOs) using flow-through conditions. RBT were fed once daily throughout the study. Following a 48 hour acclimation, RBT were injected interperitoneally with 100 pL of a 1 1 mixture of an SPMD extract or appropriate controls in DMSO or corn oil. Controls included non-deployed SPMD extracts, SEC blanks, and DMSO blanks. The same injection procedure was repeated 6 days later. RBT were sacrificed 11 days after initial exposure to the extracts, and the plasma, liver, gills, and brain were immediately removed from each fish and maintained at -80 °C until assayed. 

Table 6.3 Brain MChR Binding and Brain and Plasma Cholinesterase Activities in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Exposed to Sample Extracts and Controls. Reprinted from Petty et al. (2000), copyright (2000) reproduced with permission from Elsevier...

Female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchusmykiss, also release in their urine 17,20jSP. As in goldfish, this pheromone increases the plasma levels of gonadotropin II and testosterone in spermiating males Scott etal, 1994). Levels of 17,20jSP rises within 1 hour of exposure and peak at 3-4 hours. Milt production also increases (Vermeirssenetfl /., 1997). 

Scott, A. P., Liley, N. R., and Vermeirssen, E. L. M. (1994). Urine of reproductively female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbuam), contains a priming pheromone which enhances plasma levels of sex steroids and gonadotropin II in malts. Journal of Fish Biology 44,131-148. 

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