Plasma interaction with catalyst

At the same time, one should notice that the real catalysts are applied in the gas/liquid environments at usually an increased temperature so that dynamic structural evolution of a real catalyst would not be probed in a conventional electron microscope. To bridge the gap, in situ environmental electron microscope is developed by placing a micoreactor inside the column of an electron microscope to follow catalytic reaction processes [58-62], However, the specimen in an in situ TEM may suffer from interaction with ionised gas (plasma), making the interpretation of in situ TEM study of catalytic reaction more complicated. Characterisation of static, post-reaction catalysts is still the most commonly used. Well-designed model catalysts and reasonable interpretation of the results are essential to a successful study. 

The plasma-activated membrane has been immersed in an aqueous solution of W12 for 24 h after it has been washed three times with water and finally dried at room temperature. Principally, ionic interaction between W12 and the NH2 groups, together with hydrogen bonding and different interactions with the other polar groups also grafted by plasma treatments, link the catalyst on the membrane surface. 

Mance, AM., Waldo, R.A and Dow, A.A, Interaction of Electroless Catalysts With Plasma-Oxidized Surfaces of Polystyrene Based Resins , J. Electrochem. Soc., 136(6), 1667-1671 (1989)... 

In the method to crosslink simultaneously with polymerization, the majority of combinations are between a vinyl monomer and a divinyl compound. Heat, catalyst, light, radiation, plasma, and electric fields merely act as initiators for initiation reactions of free radical polymerization. However, these external energies interact uniquely with monomers and solvents. As a result, the state of crosslinking and properties of gels strongly reflect this fact. Table 1 summarizes the gel preparation methods that use free radical polymerization. 

---