Plant design and operation

Additional pollution control devices beyond the scrubbers, cyclones, and baghouses that are an integral part of the plant design and operations are generally not required for mixed fertilizer plants. 

A HAZOP study is a structured review of the plant design and operating procedures. The main goals are to ... 

Two studies resolved the Unresolved Safety Issue A-44, "Station Blackout." The first siudy, The Reliability of Emergency AC Power Systems in Nuclear Power Plants," when combined uh die lelevant loss-oToffsite-power frequency, provides estimates of station-blackout frequencies lor 18 nuclear power plants and 10 generic designs. The study also identified the design and operational features most important to the reliability of AC power systems. The second study, "Station Blackout Accident Analysis" (NUREG/CR-3226), focused on the relative importance to risk of laiion blackout events and the plant design and operational features that would reduce this risk. 

This study (NUREG/CR-2497) applies PSA techniques using operating experience to identify the high-risk features of plant design and operation. The operating experience base is derived from die licensee event repoits (LERs) to find multiple events that, when coupled with postulated events, lead to plant conditions that could eventually result in severe core damage. 

Systematic review of plant design and operating experience to identify potential initiating events ... 

A hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is a systematic approach to recognizing and identifying possible hazards that may cause failure of a piece of equipment in new or e. isting facilities. This qualitative enterprise is conducted by a team of technical c.Kpcrts in plant design and operation, plus other e.vperts, as required. 

Localised corrosion The various forms of localised corrosion are a greater source of concern to the plant designer (and operator) since it is usually difficult to predict an accurate rate of penetration, difficult to monitor, and consequently can be (especially in the case of stress-corrosion cracking) catastrophically rapid and dangerous. 

Catalytic methanation in the Hygas pilot plant, design and operation of. 123... 

Examples of the application of linear programming in chemical process plant design and operation are given by Allen (1971), Rudd and Watson (1968), Stoecker (1991), and Urbaniec (1986). 

Recent advances in chemical plant safety emphasize the use of appropriate technological tools to provide information for making safety decisions with respect to plant design and operation. 

FIGURE 8.1. Comparison between the traditional approach for wastewater treatment plant design and operation and the conesponding integrated process concept. 

Preston, M. L. 1998. An integrated approach to inherent SHE in process plant design and operation. Proceedings of 9th International Symposium (EFCE) Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, 4-8 May 1998, Barcelona. Pp. 870-877. 

A larger number of researchers have measured FMs in final effluent from wastewater treatment (Table 5) because this is the most important wastewater parameter for accessing FM discharge to aquatic ecosystems. The concentration of FMs in final effluent is a function of the FM concentration in influent and the efficiency of FM removal across the plant (including plant design and operation). 

Many problems in plant design and operation involve both nonlinear relations among continuous variables, and binary or integer variables that appear linearly. The continuous variables typically represent flows or process operating conditions, and the binary variables are usually introduced for yes-no decisions. Such problems can be written in the following general form ... 

Large-scale plant design and operations (Chapter 15)... 

OPTIMIZATION IN LARGE-SCALE PLANT DESIGN AND OPERATIONS... 

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