Plants breeding programs

Helianthus species form hybrids. A number of hybrids found growing in the U.S. are listed in Table 3.3. Many more have been created as part of plant breeding programs aimed at incorporating traits from wild Helianthus species into cultivated sunflowers (see Chapter 8). 

While breeding objectives and approaches vary widely with species, most plant breeding programs are concerned primarily with exerting... 

In connection with plant breeding programs, cell and tissue cultures of Coffea species have been studied extensively. We do not deal with this work here, however, and the reader is referred to Baumann and Frisch-knecht for a review (740,741). Although caffeine (46) can be easily isolated from coffee beans at low cost, a number of studies have been made on the production of caffeine in cell cultures of Coffea. The biotechnological aspects of the caffeine production by means of cell cultures has been reviewed by Prenosil et al. (109). 

For example, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galanthamine and anticancerous agent narciclasine and crinine, could be produced commercially by such newly designed plant breeding programs. 

The practical uses of somatic embryos include the massive propagation of plants of high commercial value and more importantly their use in basic research and in plant breeding programs where biotechnological tools are used. 

Chromosome doubling to induce polyploidy has been widely used in plant breeding programs to restore fertility in sterile genotypies and to overcome crossing barriers. 

---