Planning problems for pipeline operations

Some facts distinguish pipeline systems from all other modes of transport  

The last fact induces that investment and management of pipeline systems are completely organized by the participating companies and (almost) all costs are internalized. Investments in pipeline infrastructure make sense under specific circumstances only  

These requirements are given e.g. for the transport of raw and intermediate chemicals within a chemical production site. For trans-regional transports, most prominent examples for pipeline transports are crude oil and natural gas pipeUnes. However, also some basic chemicals such as Ethylene or Ammonia are transported via pipelines over long distances to connect partners in a chemical supply chain.  

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