Planning Principles

While funding formulas differ across jurisdictions, two key planning principles can avoid a lot of problems. First, develop a rolling plan that extends over a period between 3 and 5 years, and second, secure a fixed annual budget allocation for maintenance of existing technologies based on the multiyear plan. Once these have been implemented, rational planning that meets both stakeholder expectations and financial constraints becomes possible. 

Typically, supply of monitors to these areas has been ad hoc, with no coherent strategy. The introduction of planning principles for these technologies facilitates identification of the rationale for monitoring, selection of the most appropriate parameters for monitoring, selection of the protocols to be used for these parameters, and provision of the education necessary to ensure that maximum benefits are achieved. 

Figure 1-4 Safety efforts versus cost. Adapted from FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 3 Principles of System Safety, p. 2, Planning Principles. December 30, 2000, public domain.

USACE. (2000). Plarming Guidance Notebook, ER 1105-2-100, Chapter 2, "Planning Principles," U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C. 

Monitoring activities are necessary to ensure that the process is under control at each CCP. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety Inspection Services (FSIS) requires that each monitoring procedure and its frequency be listed in the HACCP plan. Principle 5 Establish corrective actions. 

All testing to support notification must be performed by methods specified in Annex V to Directive 79/831/EEC and in accordance with the principles of good laboratory practice (GLP). GLP is concerned with the organizational processes and conditions under which laboratory studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded and reported. 

This book is designed as a handy desk reference covering fundamental engineering principles of project planning schemes and layout, corrosion principles and materials properties of engineering importance. It is intended as a general source of typical materials property data, useful for first pass materials selection in process design problems. 

Part Two, a collection of multistep syntheses accomplished over a period of more than three decades by the Corey group, provides much integrated information on synthetic methods and pathways for the construction of interesting target molecules. These syntheses are the result of synthetic planning which was based on the general principles summarized in Part One. Thus, Part Two serves to supplement Part One with emphasis on the methods and reactions of synthesis and also on specific examples of retrosynthetically planned syntheses. 

Using Similarity Principles in Planning Experiments 1193 References 1195... 

Contact temperature measurement is based on a sensor or a probe, which is in direct contact with the fluid or material. A basic factor to understand is that in using the contact measurement principle, the result of measurement is the temperature of the measurement sensor itself. In unfavorable situations, the sensor temperature is not necessarily close to the fluid or material temperature, which is the point of interest. The reason for this is that the sensor usually has a heat transfer connection with other surrounding temperatures by radiation, conduction, or convection, or a combination of these. As a consequence, heat flow to or from the sensor will influence the sensor temperature. The sensor temperature will stabilize to a level different from the measured medium temperature. The expressions radiation error and conduction error relate to the mode of heat transfer involved. Careful planning of the measurements will assist in avoiding these errors. 

It is useful to take similarity principles and dimensionless numbers into consideration when planning experiments. Experiments may involve different levels of velocities and temperature differences. It is important to select values that give a large variation of Archimedes number (12,56) to obtain a high possibility of large physical effects in the measurements. 

The book begins with a discussion of the theories of error causation and then goes on to describe the various ways in which data can be collected, analyzed, and used to reduce the potential for error. Case studies are used to teach the methodology of error reduction in specific industry operations. Finally, the book concludes with a plan for a plant error reduction program and a discussion of how human factors principles impact on the process safety management system. 

Chapter 8, A Systematic Approach to the Management of Human Error, explains how the manager and safety professional can use human factors principles in the management of process safety. This chapter also provides a practical plan for a plant human error reduction program that will improve productivity and quality as well. 

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