Pixel rate

Active) (Active) Pixel Rate Rate (Mbytes/s)... 

The promise of 3-D detectors The ideal detector would be able to measure the wavelength dimension of each photon in addition to the two spatial dimensions - a 3-D detector . There is progress being made on 3-D detectors - for example, the superconducting tunneling junction (STJ). However, at present, 3-D detectors are experimental and have only achieved limited wavelength resolution ( /5 < 25) with relatively slow count rates (few kHz per pixel) on a small number of pixels 100 j. Since these devices are experimental and are not being used... 

The best CCD amplifiers thaf have been produced achieve read noise of 1.5 e af 50,000 pixels per second and 4 e af 1 million pixels per second. (These are rates per readout port. Lower noise can be achieved for a given frame rate by adding more readout ports.) The besf readouf noise achieved wifh infrared defectors is 15 e for a single read and 3-5 e affer many samples. 

Once the velocity profile has been obtained, the shear rate is calculated. This is the most difficult step. To ensure that the viscosity is determined without any bias, no assumption is made regarding the constitutive behavior of the material. Every effort is made to obtain smooth, robust values of the shear rate without any bias towards a particular model of the flow behavior. Particularly near the tube center, the velocity profiles are distorted by the discrete nature of the information. The size of a pixel is defined by the velocity and spatial resolutions. These are given by... 

As shown in Section 11.2.1.1, more details can be obtained by confocal fluorescence microscopy than by conventional fluorescence microscopy. In principle, the extension of conventional FLIM to confocal FLIM using either time- or frequency-domain methods is possible. However, the time-domain method based on singlephoton timing requires expensive lasers with high repetition rates to acquire an image in a reasonable time, because each pixel requires many photon events to generate a decay curve. In contrast, the frequency-domain method using an inexpensive CW laser coupled with an acoustooptic modulator is well suited to confocal FLIM. 

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