Pipe smokers

McCusker K, McNabb E, Bone R (1982) Plasma nicotine levels in pipe smokers. JAMA 248(5) 577-578... 

Figure 7. Plasma THC-CRC in four healthy volunteers who began smoking a cigarette impregnated with 5 mg THC at zero time. Subjects 1 and 2 were cigarette smokers subject 3, a cigar smoker and subject 4, a pipe smoker. The level detected in a post marten specimen from a car driver was 350 pg/L.

The Great Spirit of Native American religion, pictured as a cosmic pipe smoker. (Fitz Hugh Ludlow Memorial Library)... 

Smoke of cigars and pipes is alkaline (pH 8.5) and nicotine is relatively un-ionised and Upid-soluble so that it is readily absorbed in the mouth. Cigar and pipe smokers thus obtain rucotine without inhaling (they also have a lower death rate from lung cancer which is caused by non-nicotine constituents). 

Cigar and pipe smokers also have higher death rates than nonsmokers. 

The large strike-anywhere (SAW) or kitchen match has retained some of its popularity longest, but with the prevalence of the pilot light in gas stoves, and the electric stove in rural electrification and in city use, mainly the little guild of pipe smokers appreciates its virtues. Manufacturing Procedures... 

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar and smoke exhaled by the smoker (also secondhand smoke or passive smoking). 

Nonvolatile Nitrosamines In Tobacco Smoke. Although there are more than 10 million exsmokers in the U.S.A., 53 million adults continue to smoke cigarettes and an additional 10 million still smoke cigars or pipes (39). The cigarette smokers are exposed to about 10 ng of volatile nitrosamines, 20-40 ng of NDELA and, most importantly, to 1-10 pg of tobacco specific N-nitros-amines with each cigarette smoked (Table IV). Similar quantities of the TSNA are found in sidestream smoke. The quantities of TSNA in the smoke are dependent on nitrate, nitrite, tobacco alkaloids and on NNN, NNK and NAT in the tobacco itself (31)>... 

Eastern Europe, 30% in Western Europe and Brazil, 19% in USA, Canada and Mexico and 14% in India. Female smokers are lesser (25% in Eastern and Western Europe, 20% in Brazil, 17% in USA) or much lesser (10% in Russia, China and India 2.5% in Mexico), with the exception of France, Germany and Argentina (35%). Eleven to fifteen cigarettes per capita are smoked every day on the average. Alternatives to cigarettes (cigars, electronic devices, beedis, pipes and vaporizers) are appreciated by small fractions of population. 

Traditionally, opium is smoked with a pipe, typically around 20 inches long. Opium pipes are usually made of wood, and the type of wood used often denotes the wealth of the smoker. Poor smokers typically use pipes made from bamboo, while wealthier smokers may have pipes constructed of ebony. About three-quarters down the shaft of the pipe rests the bowl, a hollow structure that can be made of metal, porcelain, or clay, again depending on the quality of the pipe. The hollow pipe is sealed on one end and has an opening on the other, through which the user takes in the smoke. 

In addition to the pipe, serious smokers require a host of additional materials used to prepare and smoke opium. These include a container to hold the opium, a needle to clear the bowl opening, a lamp to ignite the opium, and a tray to hold all of the supplies. 

The serious smoker will prepare several pipes and smoke continually until satisfied. 

A. Smoking is probably the most common method for Western users. Dried Salvia leaf is readily available from commercial sources and can be smoked without further preparation in tobacco pipes, joints, or water-pipes or bongs. Salvia must be smoked hot (hotter than tobacco is) in order for salvinorin to be vaporized. The smoke is inhaled fast and hot, deeply into the lungs. Several hits in quick succession are usually required. The smoke is irritating and probably has the same sort of health risks as tobacco smoke - cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, and heart and blood vessel disease. When smoking it is a good idea to have a sitter present although many smokers do not take this advice. 

Perez-Reyes et al.8 estimated that only 32% of a dose of cocaine base placed in a pipe is actually inhaled by the smoker. Cone9 compared the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cocaine by the intravenous, intranasal, and smoked routes of administration in the same subjects. Venous plasma cocaine concentrations peaked within 5 min by the intravenous and smoked routes. Estimated peak cocaine concentrations ranged from 98 to 349 ng/ml and 154 to 345 ng/ml after intravenous administration of 25-mg cocaine hydrochloride and 42-mg cocaine base by the smoked route, respectively. After dosing by the intranasal route (32 mg cocaine hydrochloride) estimated peak plasma cocaine concentrations ranged from 40 to 88 ng/ml after 0.39 to 0.85 h.9 In this study, the average bioavailability of cocaine was 70.1% by the smoked route and 93.7% by the intranasal route. Jenkins et al.10 described the correlation between pharmacological effects and plasma cocaine concentrations in seven volunteers after they had smoked 10 to 40 mg cocaine. The mean plasma... 

Cannabis may be smoked like a cigarette (a joint ), or in a water pipe (a bong ) or a regular pipe (a bowl ). Smokers typically inhale deeply and hold their breath to maximize the amount of THC absorption by the lungs. Marijuana can also be eaten and is sometimes prepared in brownies or other baked goods. 

In America, opium "dens," places where people came to smoke opium in pipes, were introduced in the West by Chinese immigrants who had been brought to this country as cheap labor to build railroads and work in gold mines. The dens played a central role in the social life of impoverished Chinese laborers. Opium smokers "hit the pipe" as often as three times a day in the dens, where they lay on couches and dreamed off the effects of the drug. 

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