Physical Transformations During Drying

The dominance of the physical processes in a sewer related to wet-weather discharges does not mean that microbial and physicochemical processes in sewers play no role. However, the nature of these processes is different compared with what is observed during dry weather. In this respect, transformation of the components during transport in the sewer is typically of less importance. The following microbial process aspects should, however, typically be considered ... 

The experiments reported here involve measurements of the 1h NMR during pyrolysis of shale specimens contained in open tubes and flushed with dry nitrogen gas so that volatile pyrolysis products are quickly removed, A number of different parameters extracted from the data are investigated for their usefulness in monitoring changes that occur in the properties of the specimen. These parameters relate to the loss of hydrogen from the specimen and changes that occur in the molecular structure and mobility as a consequence of chemical and physical transformations. 

The solvent-mediated transformation of o -L-glutamic acid to the S-form was quantitatively monitored over time at a series of temperatures [248]. The calibration model was built using dry physical mixtures of the forms, but still successfully predicted composition in suspension samples. Cornel et al. monitored the solute concentration and the solvent-mediated solid-state transformation of L-glutamic acid simultaneously [249]. However, the authors note that multivariate analysis was required to achieve this. Additionally, they caution that it was necessary to experimentally evaluate the effect of solid composition, suspension density, solute concentration, particle size and distribution, particle shape, and temperature on the Raman spectra during calibration in order to have confidence in the quantitative results. This can be a substantial experi-... 

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