Physical technological background

This chapter introduces the important topics of fluid flow, properties of gases, heat and mass transfer, and physical/chemical characteristics of contaminants. The aim is to assist all engaged in industrial air technology in understanding the physical background of the issues involved. 

The following subsections present background material on the physics and nomenclature used to address the nuclear detection technologies. The subsections are divided into neutron- and non-neutron-based nuclear detection methods. 

The most comprehensive reference in this group was undoubtedly Kirk and Othmer (Ref. Gl). It provided an excellent historical background into process development and market characteristics, and also provided a broad coverage of the physical and chemical properties of nitric acid, handling methods, and materials of construction. A warning on using this or other process encyclopedias is that much of the technology presented in the first five references has now been superseded. 

Liquid-liquid mixing has been widely used in chemical industries. The state of dispersion is determined by the balance of the break-up and coalescence of droplets. In the case of liquid-liquid mixing, the breakup of the droplet is accelerated in the impeller region. Although the droplet size distribution in the operation has been expressed by various PSD functions, the PSD function that is utilized the most is the normal PSD function. However, there is no physical background to apply the normal PSD function to the droplet size distribution. Additionally, when the droplet size distribution is expressed by various PSD functions, it becomes difficult to discuss the relationship between the parameters in PSD and operation conditions. This is one of the obstacles for developing particle technology. 

The National Science Education Standards recommend that students have experience grappling with issues that society must ultimately resolve. This publication examines such issues in the fields of biology, chemistry, physics, Earth science, technology, and mathematics. Each issue is presented in two parts The first part is written for the teacher and contains background on the science of the issue and presents alter-... 

MAGIC incorporates many technological innovations in order to fulfill the requirements imposed by the physics goals. The telescope is installed at 2200 m above see level on the Canary island La Palma (Spain). The 17 m diameter tessellated reflector dish consists of 964 0.5 x 0.5 m2 diamond milled aluminum mirrors. The parabolic reflector shape conserves the time structure of the Cherenkov pulses to increase the signal-to-noise ratio with respect to the night sky background. 

The topic of this article is the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of positive ion-surface interactions for insights into the chemical and physical processes that occur at surfaces immersed in glow discharge plasmas. To understand the signihcance of this topic, it is necessary to have some background in the technology and its major industrial application (Lieberman and Lichtenberg, 1994). The term plasma in this context refers... 

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