Aluminum mirrors

Aluminum mirrors are designed for broadband exposure (or equivalently, a broad range of angles of incidence), and have greater than 85% reflectance over the UV range. They are inexpensive and simple to deposit. Their durability under 

---

Pneumatic nebulizer 30 Aluminum mirror Reflection-absorption 30 30 158... 

Mainly on aluminum. Mirror coatings are used to protect the thin metal surface (silver, copper) of metal-coated glass against oxidation or reaction with H2S or S02. 

The interaction between these films and bulk epoxy resin was assessed by immersing an aluminum mirror coated with an air-dried primer film in a Petri dish filled with the epoxy resin, heating the dish in an oven at 100°C for 1 h, allowing the dish to cool overnight, and then extracting any unreacted material from the surface of the mirror by MEK extraction. Figure 6A is the reflection spectrum of a relatively thick film (ca. 3 / n) of neat DGEBA resin (cast onto polished aluminum from a 3% solution in toluene), and Fig. 6B shows the RAIR spectrum obtained from the mirror that was primed, heated in resin, and extracted. The... 

Cnossen and co-workers measured tf of rhB on an aluminum mirror covered with amylose-acetate ester of a various thickness (1 to 6 nm) [114]. They found Eq. (1) to agree well with the experimental observations ... 

CL detection has been employed in various chemical analyses. For instance, determination of mouse IgG was based on the CL reaction of an HRP-goat antimouse IgG (HRP-Ab) and the luminol/H202 system. The amount of HRP-Ab decreased with an increasing amount of mouse IgG (10-60 ig/mL). Mouse IgG was then quantified using an internal standard (microperoxidase) after CZE separation. To enhance light collection in CL detection, an aluminum mirror was deposited on the back side of the microchip [720],... 

A rather broad applicability of FTIR as a detector in liquid chromatography can be achieved when the mobile phase is removed from the sample prior to detection. In this case the sample fractions are measured in a pure state without interference from solvents. Experimental interfaces to eliminate volatile mobile phases fromHPLC effluents have been tried with some success [133-135] but the breakthrough towards a powerful FTIR detector has only been achieved by Gagel and Biemann, who formed an aerosol from the effluent and sprayed it on a rotating aluminum mirror. The mirror was then deposited in a FTIR spectrometer and spectra were recorded at each position in the reflexion mode [136-138]. 

MAGIC incorporates many technological innovations in order to fulfill the requirements imposed by the physics goals. The telescope is installed at 2200 m above see level on the Canary island La Palma (Spain). The 17 m diameter tessellated reflector dish consists of 964 0.5 x 0.5 m2 diamond milled aluminum mirrors. The parabolic reflector shape conserves the time structure of the Cherenkov pulses to increase the signal-to-noise ratio with respect to the night sky background. 

Fig. 1 Diagram showing a planar multireflection absorbance cell. Aluminum mirrors thick lines) were coated above and below a channel. The narrowest region inside the cell is the fluid flow path (Reprinted from [15] with permission of Wiley-VCH). i (1,2,3,4) refers to different medium 0, is the angle within the medium i with respect to the surface normal h is the thickness of the medium i li is the longitudinal distance in each of medium and f = hi tan (0i) L is the total longitudinal travel for once reflection n the total number of reflections...

These are based on constructive and/or destructive interference effects of incident and reflected light. These antireflection coatings have bandwidths of a few nanometers for optimal operation. With appropriate material selection, their absorption can be minimized, and excellent durability can be achieved. They are, however, more complicated to deposit, requiring precise knowledge of the optical constants of the films, endpoint monitoring for determining the correct thickness of the film, and optimization of deposition conditions for denser defect-free films. For these reasons, they cost more than aluminum mirrors. 

In an alternative approach developed by NimbleGen (http //www.nimblegen. com/, Madison, WI), arrays are built using photodeposition chemistry based on a maskless array synthesizer (MAS). The MAS system is a high-density DNA fabrication instrument that uses a maskless light projector as a virtual mask instead of the physical chromium masks used by Affymetrix. The virtual mask is an array of hundreds of thousands of individually addressable aluminum mirrors on a computer chip. These mirrors function as virtual masks that reflect the desired pattern of UV light and are controlled by the computer. 

We have observed mirror failure due to physical delamination and chemical reaction (a) at the mlrror/backing interface apparently due to inadequate protection from the atmosphere by the backing and, (b) at the polymer/mirror Interface due to reaction with a light-sensitive antioxidant or possibly with the degrading polymer. For both silver and aluminum mirrors, interfacial reactions were only observed at the back surface of the mirror regardless of how the mirror was put down or assembled. 

Figure 4.8. Optical scheme of multipurpose unit (1) accessory plateau (2-5) aluminum mirrors (8, 9) movable holders which move with mirrors 3 and 4 perpendicular to optical axis of radiation beam (10) sample. Unit allows transmission, multiple-transmission, multiple IRRAS, and MIR measurements to be made with carriage in position 6 and single IRRAS and ATR measurements when carriage is in position 6 . Reprinted, by permission, from V. P. Tolstoy, in V. B. Aleskovski (Ed.), Precision Synthesis of Solids, Vol. 2, Leningrad State University Press, Leningrad, 1987, p. 90, Fig. 14. Copyright 1987 St. Petersburg University Press.

M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, Mil, M12, and M13, aluminum mirrors PMl, 30° off-axis parabolic mirror PM2, 90° off-axis parabolic mirror MS, dielectric mirror used to cut off the fundamental wedged BS, wedged beam splitter, used to split the WLC into probe and reference beams PI, P2, P3, and P4, fused silica prisms LI and L2, lenses with focal lengths —50 and 75 mm, respectively [16], (Reproduced with permission.)... 

Water resistant, front-surface aluminum mirrors can be used as deposition substrates, followed by spectral acquisition in the R-A mode. The smooth and hard surface properties of mirrors complicate efficient analyte deposition (spreading of the analytes) when the eluent is not completely evaporated. The spectral data recorded from these substrates should be in close resemblance to the spectra obtained from transmission measurements, because the band intensities are controlled by a double-pass transmittance mechanism. However, still spectral differences between R-A and KBr disk spectra can be observed, including absorption-band shifts and asymmetries. Furthermore, the effect of light scattering (Christiansen effect) may become apparent when the spot thickness exceeds a certain level and anomalous relative band intensities may be observed in R-A spectra of certain analytes deposited on flat substrates when compared to transmission spectra acquired from KBr disks. In order to minimize these... 

Here, we neglect the interreflections between the reflectometer and the external optical system, which will depend on the details of the external system and need to be dealt with separately. Note that the factor by which the reflectance is enhanced due to multiple reflections can easily exceed 1.1 if the detector reflectance is greater than 20%. Clarke and Larkin (59) have suggested a separate correction for the interreflection error associated with the specular and diffuse components of samples with an arbitrary BRDF. Their technique involves measuring standards of known reflectance, such as pure barium sulfate powder and a first-surface aluminum mirror. For... 

---