Physical modelling techniques specific

Cause-consequence analysis serx es to characterize tlie physical effects resulting from a specific incident and the impact of these physical effects on people, the environment, and property. Some consequence models or equations used to estimate tlie potential for damage or injury are as follows Source Models, Dispersion Models, Fire Explosion Models, and Effect Models. Likelihood estimation (frequency estimation), cliaractcrizcs the probability of occurrence for each potential incident considered in tlie analysis. The major tools used for likelihood estimation are as follows Historical Data, Failure sequence modeling techniques, and Expert Judgment. 

Dimensional analysis techniques are especially useful for manufacturers that make families of products that vary in size and performance specifications. Often it is not economic to make full-scale prototypes of a final product (e.g., dams, bridges, communication antennas, etc.). Thus, the solution to many of these design problems is to create small scale physical models that can be tested in similar operational environments. The dimensional analysis terms combined with results of physical modeling form the basis for interpreting data and development of full-scale prototype devices or systems. Use of dimensional analysis in fluid mechanics is given in the following example. 

Adsorption of NOM onto mineral surfaces produces a composite that possesses physical and chemical properties distinct from either of its constituent components. The ill-defined, heterogeneous nature of NOM makes the interpretation of data from the characterization of naturally occurring OMN complexes problematic. In this respect, studies involving NOM- component classes (e.g., lipids, proteins, etc.) and reference minerals may offer insights. The characterization of model NOM-mineral composites provides the opportunity to employ techniques specific to the interaction of interest. 

The technique of reaction product imaging is described and applied to the study of the H + HI reaction in a single molecular beam. Two-dimensional images of quantum-state selected H2 reaction products from the reaction of photolytically produced H atoms with HI molecules illustrate how reaction product imaging can reveal detailed information about specific reaction channels. The observed product distributions can be explained by a simple physical model of the reaction dynamics. 

To calculate the efficiency of the separator used techniques based on theoretical and experimental studies. The most complete and accurate results provide experimental studies separators, which are held mostly in the physical models. These costly experiments can provide comprehensive information about the processes occurring in the cage, but they apply only to the specific study design of the separator, and other structures should be examined again in full. 

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