Physical cues

Dreanno et al. 2007). In this regard, the role of the SIPC in the colonization of invasive barnacle species, particularly those that are gregarious, may emerge as a fascinating area for study. Attempts have been made to examine the relative importance of chemical and physical cues to barnacle settlement in the field (e.g., Prendergast et al. 2008) but not with purified SIPC. As pointed out by Prendergast et al. (2009), however, many intrinsic and extrinsic factors may interact to exert their effects on barnacle settlement and confound the interpretation of field experiments. 

The technique has led to various insights in cell mechanics. It has been shown that cells are able to adjust the strength of their traction forces in response to physical cues like rigidity or adhesivity of their environment. - " How a cell responds to its physical environment with its traction forces has been implicated as a hallmark of cancer. The technique has been used in combination with nanoscale manipulations like magnetic beads, laser nanoscissors, and nanoindentation to examine the mechanics of the cytoskeleton to verify different theories about its solidity or fluidity. Overall, traction force microscopy is a relatively popular technique for measuring traction forces because the polyacrylamide gels are able to be fabricated with equipment commonly available in most laboratories. 

It is evident that stem cells respond both to biological cues (e.g., growth factors) and to physical stimulus (e.g., shear stress, electric field and etc.). However, biological and physical cues are perceived as orthogonal in the sense that one is derived from physical forces or stresses while the other is proportional to a chemical concentration or gradient - two phenomena that should have limited, if any at all, interactions. While it is possible to induce conformation changes of... 

Physical cues to influence stem cell fate Stem cell fate dictated by physical cues... 

The understanding of various physical cues that are responsible for cellular changes at the tissue... 

This way of presenting text on a screen leads to an improvement of reading speed, in comparison with classical moving window presentation. This result seems to be due to the processing of physical cues that the reader is provided with by this technique. 

Several experiments have been carried out with ADFM technique, to check the role played by different types of physical cues. In all studies, encrypted texts, with or without physical cues available, are compared using reading times or comprehension scores. The prominent results can be summarized as follows (Passerault Gaonac h, 1989) ... 

Physical Cues of Biomaterials that Guide Maintenance of PSC Pluripotency... 

Biological cues, such as growth factors, hormones, ECMs, and small chemicals, can guide the pluripotency and differentiation direction of stem cell fate [32,33]. For many years, researchers have devoted substantial effort to identify the soluble factors that mimic the stem cell microenvironment. However, investigators have recently realized the potential importance of the physical cues of biomaterials that influence stem cells ... 

A. Higuchi, Q.D. Ling, Y. Chang, S.T. Hsu, and A. Umezawa, Physical cues of biomaterials guide stem cell differentiation fate, Chem. Rev., 113 (5) 3297-3328, May. 2013. 

To determine the identity and relative importance of chemical cues from scale covers on host identification and acceptance by Aphytis species, a suitable bioassay was required. The first such bioassay simply involved covers of California red scale washed with various solvents and placed in observations chambers made of glass microscope slides and Plexiglas (Quednau Hiibsch 1964) (Fig. 5.8). This was sufficient to demonstrate the existence of at least one chemical cue (i.e., a relatively polar, water-soluble kairomone) for oviposition. The importance of the chemical cue relative to such physical cues as scale cover size, shape, and color could not be evaluated. Also, in the absence of precise chemical measurements, it was uncertain if simple washing treatments removed all of the native chemical cues. 

Physical cues of ECM include the spatial constraints and mechanical forces acting on cells from the environment. 

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