Phthalocyanine fluorescence

Moan, J. and Anholt, H. (1990) Phthalocyanine fluorescence in tumors during PDT, Photo-chem. Photobiol., 51 379-381. 

The X-ray structure of zinc naphthalocyanate has been determined with Zn—N bond lengths of 1.983(4) A.829 Pentanuclear complexes with a zinc phthalocyanine core and four ruthenium subunits linked via a terpyridyl ligand demonstrate interaction between the photoactive and the redox active components of the molecule. The absorbance and fluorescence spectra showed considerable variation with the ruthenium subunits in place.830 Tetra-t-butylphthalocyaninato zinc coordinated by nitroxide radicals form excited-state phthalocyanine complexes and have been studied by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance.831... 

Dinaphthotetraazaporphyrins are structural isomers of phthalocyanines. The zinc complex was formed and the properties compared to zinc phthalocyanines demonstrating a lower fluorescence quantum yield for the zinc-fused naphthalene porphyrin (D2h symmetry) vs. the zinc phthalocyanine (D4h)S36... 

A typical multilayer thin film OLED is made up of several active layers sandwiched between a cathode (often Mg/Ag) and an indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) glass anode. The cathode is covered by the electron transport layer which may be A1Q3. An emitting layer, doped with a fluorescent dye (which can be A1Q3 itself or some other coordination compound), is added, followed by the hole transport layer which is typically a-napthylphenylbiphenyl amine. An additional layer, copper phthalocyanine is often inserted between the hole transport layer and the ITO electrode to facilitate hole injection. 

The first, and still the most commonly used, of the tunable lasers were those based upon solutions of organic dyes. The first dye laser was developed by Sorokin and Lankard 05), and used a "chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine" (sic) solution. Tunable dye lasers operating throughout the visible spectrum were soon produced, using dyes such as coumarins, fluorescein, rhodamines, etc. Each dye will emit laser radiation which is continuously tunable over approximately the fluorescence wavelength range of the dye. 

The phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines, and certain of their metal derivatives (Figure 6.17) are infrared fluorophores. 61"64 As a class, they are exceptionally stable compounds, with copper (Cu) phthalocyanine (not a fluorophore) remaining intact above 300 °C in air. First used for textile dyeing in the last century and still widely used, there is a rich chemistry of phthalocyanines. Most derivatives can be made by prolonged heating of a phthalimide or phthalic acid derivative with a metal in powder or salt form at elevated temperature. Several derivatives absorb in the near-IR, and either fluoresce or phosphoresce. The electronic transitions of phthalocyanines are complex and have been extensively studied, at least in part because the symmetry of the molecule makes theoretical calculations of its spectroscopic behavior more tractable. Unsubstituted phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines are, as a class, very insoluble in solvents other than, for instance, nitrobenzene. Sulfonated phthalocyanines are water soluble and exhibit spectra comparable to the parent derivative. Photolumines-cent phthalocyanines (Pcs) include SiPc, ZnPc, and PC itself. These compounds have been little used for practical infrared fluorometry to date however, Diatron Corpora-... 

T. A. Kelly, C. A. Hunter, D. C. Schindele, and B. V. Pepich, Aluminum phthalocyanine-streptavidin New, sensitive fluorescent tracer for immunoassay, Clin. Chem. 37, 1283-1286 (1991). 

The pseudorotaxane self-assembles through hydrogen bonding, and the binding constant, calculated using steady-state fluorescence, is 1.4 x 10. The zinc phthalocyanine derivative exhibited an excited-state lifetime of approximately 3.1 ns. The fast decay of the excited state of 1 ZnPc upon complexation with the fullerene... 

Ink -dewatering of [DEWATERING] (Vol 8) -fluorescent pigments in [LUMINESCENTMATERIALS - FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS (DAYLIGHT)] (Vol 15) -as paper contaminant [RECYCLING - PAPER] (Vol 21) -phthalocyanine dyes [PHTHALOCYANINE COMPOUNDS] (Vol 18)... 

Another important characteristic of photoreactive agents is their apparent affinity for certain targets that are of special interest for interventional vascular therapists, As most photosensitizers fluoresce, the kinetics of their distribution in vascular tissue can be investigated both at macroscopic and microscopic levels using fluorescence imaging techniques (Fig, 3), Numerous studies on porphyrin, chlorin, texaphryin, pheophorbide and phthalocyanine photosensitizers in various animal models have documented selective localization in... 

NIR fluorescence for bioanalytical applications is of importance in diagnosing disease and NIR-absorbing phthalocyanines may be used as fluorescence probes [5], Thus, this chapter concentrates on phthalocyanine complexes absorbing from about 730 nm upwards. Even though solid state electronic absorption spectra of Pc thin films are known to be red-shifted [6-9], this work focuses on solution studies with only a few examples of the solid state studies. 

Kobayashi N, Ogata H, Nonaka N, Luk yanets EA (2003) Effect of peripheral substitution on the electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of metal-free and zinc phthalocyanines. Chem Eur J 9(20) 5123-5134... 

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