4- -phthalazinone membranes

Gao, Y., Robertson, G. R, Guiver, M. D., Jian, X. G., Mikhailenko, S. D. and Kaliaguine, S. 2005. Proton exchange membranes based on sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)s/aminated polymer blends. Solid State Ionics 176 409-415. 

Su et al. [138] prepared composite PEMs from sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (sPPEK) and various amounts of sulfonated silica nanoparticles (silica-SO3H). The use of silica-SO H was seen to compensate for the reduction in the lEC of the membrane, while the strong -SO3H/-SO3H interaction between sPPEK chains and silica-SO3H particles led to ionic crosslinking in the membrane structure, which improved not only the thermal stability but also the methanol resistance. 

The majority of polymer membranes used for microfiltration and ultrafiltration of liquids are prepared by the wet phase inversion process. Such membranes exhibit a typical asymmetric structure characterized by a thin dense surface layer and a thick microporous bulk. Poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) copolymers, c.f. Figure 7.10, show glass transition temperatures in the range of 263-305°C. The polymers show an outstanding chemical stability. They are soluble only in 98% H2SO4. Concentrated aqueous solutions of sodium chlorate, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and nitric acid show no effect. ... 

Y. Dai, X. Jian, S. Zhang, and M. D. Guiver. Thermostable ultrafiltration and nanoflltration membranes from sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone). J. Membr. ScL, 188(2) 195-203, July 2001. 

B. Zhang, T. Wang, S. Zhang, J. Qiu, and X. Jian. Preparation and characterization of carbon membranes made from poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone). Carbon, 44(13) 2764-2769, November 2006. 

Y. Gao, G. P. Robertson, M. D. Guiver, X. Jian, S. D. Mikhailenko, K. Wang, and S. Kahaguine. Direct copolymerization of sulfonated poly-(phthalazinone arylene ether)s for proton-exchange-membrane materials. J. Polym. Sci., Part A Polym. Chem., 41 2731-2742, 2003. 

M. Li, H. Zhang, and Z.-G. Shao. Quatemized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) membrane doped with H3PO4 for high-temperature PEMFC operation. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 9 A60-A63, 2006. 

Dai, Y, Jian, X., Zhang, S., and Guiver, M. D. 2002. Thin film composite (TFC) membranes with improved thermal stability from sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (SPPESK). Journal of Membrane Science 207 189-197. 

A suitable polymer material for preparation of carbon membranes should not cause pore holes or any defects after the carbonization. Up to now, various precursor materials such as polyimide, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) and poly(phenylene oxide) have been used for the fabrication of carbon molecular sieve membranes. Likewise, aromatic polyimide and its derivatives have been extensively used as precursor for carbon membranes due to their rigid structure and high carbon yields. The membrane morphology of polyimide could be well maintained during the high temperature carbonization process. A commercially available and cheap polymeric material is cellulose acetate (CA, MW 100 000, DS = 2.45) this was also used as the precursor material for preparation of carbon membranes by He et al They reported that cellulose acetate can be easily dissolved in many solvents to form the dope solution for spinning the hollow fibers, and the hollow fiber carbon membranes prepared showed good separation performances. 

Fang J, Shen PK (2006) Quatemized poly(phthalazinon ether sulfone ketone) membrane for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. J Membr Sci 285 317-322... 

Kim DS, Shin KH, Park HB, Lee YM (2004) Preparation and characterization of sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (SPPESK)/silica hybrid membranes for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Macromol Res 12 413-421... 

Gao Y, Robertson GP, Guiver MD, Jian X, Mikhailenko SD, Wang K, et al. Sulfonation of poly(phthalazinones) with fuming sulfuric acid mixtures for proton exchange membrane materials. J Membr Sci 2003 227(l-2) 39-50. 

Yang Y, Yang D, Zhang S, Wang J, Jian X. Preparahon and characterizahon of poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) hollow hber ultrahltrahon membranes with excellent thermal stability. J Membr Sci 2006 280(1-2) 957-68. 

Nafion (Fu et al. 2008). However, the corresponding proton conductivity value is lower. The methanol crossover, however, is only one-third of that found in Nafion 115, compared at the same thickness. Although the PSf membrane has lower proton conductivity than Nafion, the lower production cost and methanol crossover make it a promising alternative for DMFC. Sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (SPPEK) has been discovered as a new kind of PEM for DMFC due to its superior performance in terms of chemical and oxidative resistances, mechanical strength, and thermal stability (Gao et al. 2003). Tian et al. reported that SPPEK prepared from direct polymerization of presulfonated monomer has better performance than that of postsulfonation (Tian et al. 2005). Unfortunately, with direct polymerization it was hard to control the DS and location of sulfonation. 

Wu, X., He, G., Gu, S., Hu, Z., Yao, P. Novel interpenetrating polymer network sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)/polyaciylic acid proton exchange membranes for fuel cell. J. Membr. Scl. 295, 80-87 (2007)... 

Proton exchange membranes (PEM) were also prepared by solution blending of sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (sPPEK) and various amotmts of sulfonated silica nanoparticles (silica-SOsH) [58]. The solution blending techiuque was also used in combination with compression molding thus, poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)-based nanohybrids were fabricated by means of compression molding at 400°C under a pressure of 60 MPa using silica surface-modified with stearic acid and PEEK [59]. 

Su Y-H, Liu Y-L, Sun Y-M, Lai J-Y, GuiverMD, Gao Y (2006) Using silica nanoparticles for modifying sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) membrane for direct methanol fuel cell a significant improvement on cell performance. J Power Sourc 155(2) 111-117... 

YX. Zhang, Synthesis and Modification of Sulfonated Poly(Phthalazinone Ether)s for Proton Exchange Membranes (Master s degree dissertation), Dalian University of Technology, China, 2007. 

Jian XG, Xing DB, Zhang SH, Yin CX, Zhang BG. Effect of amination agent on the properties of quatemized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone) anion exchange membrane for vanadium redox flow battery application. J Membr Sci 2010 354 68-73. 

In the case of sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)s being used as a matrix, composite membranes showed less swelling in water and methanol, better mechanical and thermal stability, but lower proton conductivity [94, 95]. The results suggest that the amount of inorganic additives have to be optimized for each ionomer material and fuel cell operation conditions. Addition of 5 wt% of... 

Y. L. Chen, Y. Z. Meng, A. S. Hay, Direct synthesis of sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether) for proton exchange membrane via N-C coupling reaction. Polymer 46, 11125-11132 (2005). 

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