Photovoltaic applications

GIAB studies of sputtered thin films of different composition for tribological applications have been reported [4.157-4.159]. The technique has been used to study the structure of very thin GdS layers (deposited by chemical bath deposition) for photovoltaic applications in combination with 6-26 diffraction it enabled identification of their polytype structure [4.160]. Glancing angle diffraction in the GIAB geometry... 

J. Kanicki, Polymeric Semiconductor Contacts and Photovoltaic Applications in Handbook of Conducting Polymers (Ed. T. Skolheim), Dekker, New York 1986. 

Transparent semiconductor oxide films, such as tin oxide (Sn02) and zinc oxide (ZnO), produced by MOCVD are also being considered for photovoltaic applications. ]... 

The incident monochromatic photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE), also called external quantum efficiency, is defined as the number of electrons generated by light in the external circuit divided by the number of incident photons as a function of excitation wavelength. It is expressed in Equation (7).29 In most cases, the photoaction spectrum overlaps with the absorption spectrum of the sensitizer adsorbed on the semiconductor surface. A high IPCE is a prerequisite for high-power photovoltaic applications, which depends on the sensitizer photon absorption, excited state electron injection, and electron transport to the terminals ... 

These chalcopyrite semiconductors are of interest for possible optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. Several such II-IV-V2 semiconductor alloys have been studied two where the anions are substituted, CdGeAs2 XPX and ZnGeAs2 YPY [ 162], and one where the cations are substituted, ZnxCd xGeP2 [163]. 

Nonvacuum electrodeposition and electroless deposition techniques have the potential to prepare large-area uniform precursor films using low-cost source materials and low-cost capital equipment. Therefore, these techniques are very attractive for growing CIGS layers for photovoltaic applications. 

Malfatti, L. Falcaro, P Amenitsch, H. Caramori, S. Argazzi, R. Bignozzi, C. A. Enzo, S. Maggini, M. Innocenzi, P. 2006. Mesostructured self-assembled titania films for photovoltaic applications. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 88 304-311. 

Figure 14.2. Ultrasonic spray deposited CuInSe2 film for photovoltaic applications using mixed-metal organic precursors. XRD shows (left) the growth of nearly phase pure CuInSe2, and optical micrographs show reasonable morphologies (right).

The next three chapters (Chapters 9-11) focus on the deposition of nano-structured or microstructured films and entities. Porous oxide thin films are, for example, of great interest due to potential application of these films as low-K dielectrics and in sensors, selective membranes, and photovoltaic applications. One of the key challenges in this area is the problem of controlling, ordering, and combining pore structure over different length scales. Chapter 9 provides an introduction and discussion of evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA), a method that combines sol-gel synthesis with self-assembly and phase separation to produce films with a tailored pore structure. Chapter 10 describes how nanomaterials can be used as soluble precursors for the preparation of extended... 

Jiangtao Di, Zhigang Zhao, and Qingwen Li 17 Electrochromic and photovoltaic applications of nanocarbon hybrids... 

The utility concept of nanocarbon hybrids in electrochromic and photovoltaic applications is the integration of the unique properties of nanocarbons to compensate for the... 

---