Photosynthesis The process

Carbohydrates Ultimately, carbohydrates cire the product of photosynthesis, the process in plants that combines carbon dioxide, water, and energy with chlorophyll and other biomolecules to produce Ccirbohy-drates and release oxygen gas. The major carbohydrate formed during photosynthesis is glucose. Plants and animals sometimes combine simple carbohydrates such as glucose into more complicated carbohydrates such as stcirch, glycogen, and cellulose. 

Photosynthesis, the process by which plants and other organisms use solar energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into complex energy-rich chemicals, the carbohydrates and oxygen, is essential to life on this planet. We now have a greater understanding of how this process works and hence we should be able to construct processes that mimic nature to our advantage. 

Photosynthesis The process by which chlorophyll-containing plants and other organisms use carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates oxygen is given off as a by-product. 

Photosynthesis The process in which plants use the energy in sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into food for themselves, giving off oxygen as a result. 

Photosynthesis The process by which plants convert sunlight to chemical energy. Photovoltaic cells Solar technology that converts the sunlight energy into electricity. 

Chemical reactions involving oxidation and reduction processes (redox reactions) are central to metabolism. The energy derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates is coupled to the synthesis of ATP via a series of redox reactions, the mitochondrial electron-transport chain (see Chap. 14). Moreover, most life on earth is dependent on a series of redox reactions in photosynthesis, the process in which solar energy is used to produce ATP and O2 and to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2. 

Figure 8.22c shows the structure of a related compound, bacteriochlorophyll, which is part of the photosynthetic apparatus of photosynthetic bacteria. Section 20.6 describes the key role such structures play in photosynthesis, the process by which green plants, algae, and certain bacteria capture light and transform it into energy for use in chemical reactions. 

Water is a stable compound it doesn t break down under normal conditions and does not react with many other substances. Perhaps the most interesting property of water is its ability to act as a medium in which chemical reactions occur. Nearly aU of the chemical reactions in the human body and many important reactions on Earth occur in an aqueous environment. Without water, these reactions could not occur or would occur extremely slowly. In addition, water and carbon dioxide are the starting materials for photosynthesis, the process that makes life on Earth possible. Now, compare the properties of water with those of its component elements, hydrogen and oxygen. The properties of oxygen were described on page 126. 

Photosynthesis The process by which green plants build up their carbon compounds from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water using light as the energy source. 

Another example is photosynthesis, the process by which green plants produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water... 

Zinth W, Arlt T, Schmidt S., Penzkofer H, Wachtveitl J, Huber H, Nagele T, Hamm P, Bibikova M, Oesterhelt D, Meyer M and Scheer H (1996) The first femtoseconds of primary photosynthesis—the process of the initial electron transfer reaction. In Michel-Beyerle ME (ed) The Reaction Center of Photosynthetic Bacteria, pp 160-173. Springer-Velag, Berlin... 

In plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria, beta-carotene plays an important role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen. In nonphotosynthetic bacteria and fungi, beta-carotene protects the organism against the harmful effects of light and oxygen. 

PHOTOSYNTHESIS The process by which green plants and some other organisms... 

PHOTOSYNTHESIS The process by which green plants and some other organisms using the energy in sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen. 

In all three the carbonyl group is at C-2, which is the most common case for naturally occurring ketoses. D-Ribulose is a key intermediate in photosynthesis, the process by which energy from sunlight drives the formation of D-glucose from carbon dioxide and water. L-Xylulose is a product of the abnormal metabolism of xylitol in persons who lack a particular enzyme. D-Fructose is the most familiar ketose it is present in fruits and honey and is sweeter than sucrose. 

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