Bacteria capture

The number of cells captured using the MCLW with the electric field applied for 2 min was found to be equal to the number of bacteria captured in 1 h using the same concentration of bacteria but with no applied electric field. Thus, the electric field gave a 30-fold faster response time. The limit of detection was found to be 1 x 103 cells per mL when the electric field was applied for 2 min. This value has been... 

Mixing and bacteria capture in L-shaped micro mixer... 

A biological application, bacteria capture by mixing of blood/bacteria samples with magnetic beads, was carried out in the L-shaped micro mixer [49], A high capture efficiency of 99% was obtained at a short time of 0.15 s. The blood cells and bacteria remained intact after the mixing process, evidencing the low shear strain field of the flow. 

Figure 8.22c shows the structure of a related compound, bacteriochlorophyll, which is part of the photosynthetic apparatus of photosynthetic bacteria. Section 20.6 describes the key role such structures play in photosynthesis, the process by which green plants, algae, and certain bacteria capture light and transform it into energy for use in chemical reactions. 

We are used to thinking of the organelles as a collection of membrane-bound structures that are synthesized under the direction of the genetic information in the nucleus of the cell. Not so with the mitochondria. These organelles have their own genetic information and are able to make some of their own proteins. They grow and multiply in a way very similar to the simple bacteria. This, along with other information on the structure and activities of mitochondria, has led researchers to conclude that the mitochondria are actually the descendants of bacteria captured by eukaryotic cells millions of years ago. 

Not only are mitochondria roughly the size of bacteria, they have several other features that have led researchers to suspect that they may once have been free-living bacteria that were "captured" by eukaryotic cells. They have their own genetic information (DNA). They also make their own ribosomes that are very similar to those of bacteria. These ribosomes allow the mitochondria to synthesize some of their own proteins. Finally, mitochondria are actually self-replicating they grow in size and divide to produce new mitochondria. All of these characteristics suggest that the mitochondria that produce the majority of the ATP for our cells evolved from bacteria "captured" perhaps as long as 1.5 X 10 years ago. 

R. Zhou, P. Wang, H.-C. Chang, Bacteria capture, concentration and detection by alternating current dielectrophoresis and self-assembly cf dispersed single-wall carbon nanotubes. Electrophoresis, 2006,27, pp. 1376-1385. 

Figure 12.13 Photosynthetic pigments are used hy plants and photosynthetic bacteria to capture photons of light and for electron flow from one side of a membrane to the other side. The diagram shows two such pigments that are present in bacterial reaction centers, bacteriochlorophyll (a) and ubiquinone (b). The light-absorbing parts of the molecules are shown in yellow, attached to hydrocarbon "tails" shown in green.

Figure 4 Stabilized bromine antimicrobials are produced by eosinophils, a type of mammalian white blood cell. Bacteria are captured by phagocytosis and contained intracellularly within vesicles called phagosomes. Granules release cationic surfactants, lytic enzymes, and eosinophil peroxidase into the phagosome in a process known as degranulation. Eosinophil peroxidase, an enzyme that is structurally similar to the bromoperoxidases found in seaweed (Figure I), selectively catalyzes oxidation of bromide to hypobromite by reducing hydrogen peroxide to water. The hypobromite immediately reacts with nitrogenous stabilizers such as aminoethanesulfonic acid (taurine) to form more effective and less toxic antimicrobial agents.

Bundy, J. Fenselau, C. Lectin-based affinity capture for MALDI-MS analysis of bacteria. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71,1460-1463. 

A REVIEW OF ANTIBODY CAPTURE AND BACTERIOPHAGE AMPLIFICATION IN CONNECTION WITH THE DIRECT ANALYSIS OF WHOLE-CELL BACTERIA BY MALDI-TOF MS... 

To conclude this chemical account of the earliest prokaryotes, we can see that there were at least basically two similar anaerobic groups of organisms, archaea and bacteria, which have hardly changed till today in chemical composition, energy capture modes and space occupied but were improved in organisation by... 

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