Photons ether

Remarkable concentration of the photon energy absorbed by aromatic dendritic scaffold toward the focal point (herein called antenna effects ) is one of the most distinct features of the dendritic macromolecules. Poly(benzyl ether) (PBE) dendron [1] has been studied most extensively as an efficient antenna dendron. Careful studies have revealed the crucial role of the symmetric dendritic structure for the antenna effect. 

Pond SJK, Tsutsumi O, Rumi M et al (2004) Metal-ion sensing lluorophores with large two-photon absorption cross sections aza-crown ether substituted donor-acceptor-donor distyryl benzenes. J Am Chem Soc 126 9291-9306... 

AFM and STM in Photochemistry Including Photon Tunneling (Kaupp) Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines, Photolysis of Saturated (von Sonntag and... 

The velocity of the earth in its orbit around the sun is about 10 4c. If this would also turn out to be the velocity with respect to a stationary ether, and massive photons would move at the velocity v = c(sina) in the same ether, then the velocity of photons recorded at the earth s surface would become... 

This is about 1/100 the experimental value of ID/IM = 0.9 recorded for 0.3% P2VN (70,000)/PS (2200) blends. 3<> Thus, there must be some mechanism that increases the probability that an absorbed photon decays from the excimer state, since there are not enough intramolecular EFS to cause such a large value of ID/1M by direct excitation alone. Similar observations were made for dilute miscible PS/Poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends 140). 

J. P. Vigier, Relativistic interpretation (with non-zero photon mass) of the small ether drift velocity detected by Michelson, Morley and Miller, Apeiron 4(2-3) (Special Issue The Field Beyond Maxwell) (April-July 1997). 

C. Particles as Solitons in 4D Ether V. A Charge-Neutral/Mass-Neutral Photon... 

This chapter describes the programme of the present author to develop yet another representation for the photon in a semiclassical setup. Section II discusses the concept of a preferred frame, and briefly evaluates the empirical evidence against it. Section HI discusses some properties of Maxwell s equations that shaped our model. Section IV presents a four-dimensional ether, which leads to a photon model in Section V. The model is based on a rotating doublet, and contains retarded and advanced potentials in a setup that hopefully avoids the pitfalls of previous attempts. A closing section, Section VI, summarizes the main findings. 

In Section V, the photon was described as an electron-positron pair in rotation in E. In the 4D ether, antiparticles are dynamic sinks, so that an electron-positron pair has a zero net momentum flux, thus explaining the photon rest mass. The photon is then a composite charge-neutral and mass-neutral entity. 

A number of works investigated the interaction between niosomes and human skin. With niosomes prepared from Ci2 alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and cholesterol, vesicular structures of about 100 nm size have been observed between the first and second layers of human corneocytes 48 h after incubation as well as in the deeper strata of the skin [37], The authors concluded that the structures visualized in the deeper regions could be vesicles reorganized from individual molecules that penetrated the skin. In another study, electron micrographs illustrated that niosomes containing surfactants and cholesterol affected only the most superficial corneocytes. Moreover, two-photon fluorescence microscopy confirmed that fluorescent probe encapsulated in niosomes was confined to the intercellular spaces within the apical stratum corneum layers [56]. 

Photoresponsive systems are seen ubiquitously in nature, and light is intimately associated with the subsequent life processes. In these systems, a photoantenna to capture a photon is neatly combined with a functional group to mediate some subsequent events. Important is the fact that these events are frequently linked with photoinduced structural changes in the photoantennae. This suggests that chemical substances that exhibit photoinduced structural changes may serve as potential candidates for the photoantennae. To date, such photochemical reactions as E/Z isomerism of azobenzenes, dimerization of anthracenes, spiropyran-merocyanine interconversion, and others have been exploited in practical photoantennae. It may be expected that if one of these photoantennae were adroitly combined with a crown ether, it would then be possible to control many crown ether family physical and chemical functions by means of an ON/OFF photoswitch. This is the basic concept underlying the designing of photoresponsive crown ethers. We believe that this is one of the earliest examples of molecular machines . 

Lee HJ, Lee MH,Oh MC,Ahn JH, Hwang WY, Han SG (1999) Low-loss optical polymer waveguide applications based on crosslined fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s. In Organic thin films for photonic applications. Optical Society of America, Washington DC, p 197... 

Bond cleavage from excited radicals has also been observed in a laser jet study of the fc/s-ether (219). Thus, the excited 9-anthrylmethyl radical is suggested to undergo loss of phenoxy radical to yield the 9,10-bis-anthrylmethyl biradical (Scheme 13). This is a three-photon process, with two photons required to produce the monoradical and an additional photon needed to generate the biradical. The authors note that the biradical itself may have photochemistry, forming the 9,10-bis-methylether (220) upon further photolysis in methanol [132]. 

The first cell localization study, involving mononuclear cells, was carried out as a complement to the anti-viral photodynamic work. Here, the basic motivation for the study derived from the realization that HIV-1 replicates in human T-4 lymphocytes and that, as such, selective light-derived inactivation of such cells would be of benefit in possible photodynamic blood purification processes (see Sect. 12). Texaphyrin proved to be quite effective in the photodestruction of mononuclear cells. In fact it was found that the cadmium texaphyrin complex 116 is as effective on a per mole basis as the dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE) and slightly more so on a per photon basis. 

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