Photon models

That light has a dual nature and behaves either like a wave or like a stream of particle-like photons is a fact we must accept, although it is nonintuitive. But remember, we have no direct experience of the behavior of very small particles such as electrons. Which model we use depends on the observations we are making. The wave model is appropriate when we are considering diffraction and interference experiments, but the particle (photon) model is essential when we are considering the interaction of light with individual atoms or molecules. 

Features of Present Individual Photon Model A. The Nonzero Rest Mass... 

The result (173) applies to a photon model with the angular momentum h/2n of a boson, whereas the photon radius r would become half as large for the angular momentum h/4 of a fermion. Moreover, the present analysis on superposition of EMS normal modes is applicable not only to narrow linewidth wavepackets but also to a structure of short pulses and soliton-like waves. In these latter cases the radius in Eq. (173) is expected to be replaced by an average value resulting from a spectrum of broader linewidth. 

VIII. FEATURES OF PRESENT INDIVIDUAL PHOTON MODEL... 

The local electric charge density of the present theory can have either sign. In the photon model, however, the boundary conditions on the electric field cause... 

The results achieved so far that support the present individual photon model can be summarized as follows ... 

The needle-shaped wavepacket solutions of the individual photon model, which agree at least sometimes with the dot-shaped marks on a screen in interference experiments... 

At this stage there is an open question as to whether other radial parts of the generating function, exist being similar to that of Eq. (143) and giving results same as or similar to those just mentioned. Thus the photon model and its internal structure could also be tested in observations of various scattering processes. 

These questions appear to be understandable in terms of both photon models. The wavepacket axisymmetric model has, however, an advantage of being more reconcilable with the dot-shaped marks finally formed by an individual photon impact on the screen of an interference experiment. If the photon would have been a plane wave just before the impact, it would then have to convert itself during the flight into a wavepacket of small radial dimensions, and this becomes a less understandable behavior from a simple physical point of view. Then it is also difficult to conceive how a single photon with angular momentum (spin) could be a plane wave, without spin and with the energy hv spread over an infinite volume. Moreover, with the plane-wave concept, each individual photon would be expected to create a continuous but weak interference pattern that is spread all over the screen, and not a pattern of dot-shaped impacts. 

Even if it were possible to explain the cosmological redshift phenomenon by de Broglie s aging photon model, the practical feasible direct test of the model is not easy to perform because the minimum necessary distance for the aging effect to be noted is considerable. Let us make a rough estimate of this distance, assuming that the cosmological redshift is due only to the interaction of the photon with the subquantum medium. 

The corpuscular view was revived in a different form early in twentieth century with Planck s solution of the blackbody problem and Einstein s adoption of the photon model in 1905. Milloni [6] has emphasized the fact that Einstein s famous 1905 paper [7] Concerning a heuristic point of view toward the... 

This chapter describes the programme of the present author to develop yet another representation for the photon in a semiclassical setup. Section II discusses the concept of a preferred frame, and briefly evaluates the empirical evidence against it. Section HI discusses some properties of Maxwell s equations that shaped our model. Section IV presents a four-dimensional ether, which leads to a photon model in Section V. The model is based on a rotating doublet, and contains retarded and advanced potentials in a setup that hopefully avoids the pitfalls of previous attempts. A closing section, Section VI, summarizes the main findings. 

Overall, the most significant differences between our approach and other photon models known to the present author are... 

A 2D pictorial representation of the photon model is shown in Fig. 3a. For macroscopic fluids, there are three-dimensional representations of sink-source pairs in Brandt and Schneider [130]. 

Figure 3. The photon as a rotating doublet (a) composite photon model—extended electron-positron pair rotating in x-y plane (b) electrostatic field of doublet—electrostatic force on a test particle at rest.

The photon model here refers to a photon at rest in E. The four theories just mentioned are compatible with Eq. (101). Detailed predictions of each theory are different, so that crucial tests may be designed and carried out. For instance, the Michelson-Morley experiment is conventionally interpreted as a demonstration of Einsteinian relativity, but the evidence is not convincing, as discussed in Section II. Another example, to discriminate between relativistic theories (1) and (2) and emission theories (3) and (4), it is necessary to measure with high precision the velocity of photons with energy higher than 100 keV. 

In summary, the photon model proposed leads to an extended symmetric set of Maxwell s equations, that contains a magnetic source and a magnetic current, both of electric origin. Conventional Maxwell s equations appear as a limiting case in far-held with both JB 0, pw 0. 

Emission of light in external magnetic fields may be reinterpreted under the photon model proposed here. 

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