River water phosphorus

House WA, Denison FH (1998) Phosphorus dynamics in a lowland river. Water Res 32 1819-1839... 

The problem is to calculate the steady-state concentration of dissolved phosphate in the five oceanic reservoirs, assuming that 95 percent of all the phosphate carried into each surface reservoir is consumed by plankton and carried downward in particulate form into the underlying deep reservoir (Figure 3-2). The remaining 5 percent of the incoming phosphate is carried out of the surface reservoir still in solution. Nearly all of the phosphorus carried into the deep sea in particles is restored to dissolved form by consumer organisms. A small fraction—equal to 1 percent of the original flux of dissolved phosphate into the surface reservoir—escapes dissolution and is removed from the ocean into seafloor sediments. This permanent removal of phosphorus is balanced by a flux of dissolved phosphate in river water, with a concentration of 10 3 mole P/m3. 

Tesls in pure water, river water, and activated sludge showed that commercial iriaryl phosphates and alkyl diphenyl phosphates undergo reasonably facile degradation by hydrolysis and biodegradation. The phosphonalcs can undergo biodegradation of the carbon-lo-phosphorus bond by certain microorganisms... 

At concentrations well below the solubility limit (3 mg/L), elemental phosphorus disappeared from water by a first-order process with a half-life of 2 hours at 10°C and 0.85 hours at 30°C (EPA 1991 Zitko et al. 1970). The rate of phosphorus disappearance in water increased with the oxygen (or air) concentration and the pH of water (Lai and Rosenblatt 1977a). However, the faster initial disappearance half-life of 3.5 hours (compared to distilled water at pH 4.2) observed in river water at 22°C and a pH of 7.6 may have been due to the catalytic effects of ions present in the river water, rather than the pH effect (Lai and Rosenblatt 1977a). 

Dissolved metals other than calcium have a minor effect on the distribution of phosphorus between the water column and sediment in this fluvial system. The two principal metals of potential interest, iron and aluminum, are present in Genesee River water almost entirely in the particulate phase ( ). Dissolved concentrations of these metals are below the detection limit (less than 50 ug/1). Iron and aluminum minimum detectable dissolved concentrations were used to estimate the saturation levels of the corresponding phosphate minerals. These calculations suggest that both iron and aluminum phosphate minerals are substantially below saturation levels. The solid surfaces exhibited by iron and aluminum hydrous oxides (as particulate material in the water column) undoubtedly serve as sites for phosphorus adsorption and incorporation in the fluvial system. Data presented for the oxalate extraction procedure in Table III demonstrate the importance of phosphorus binding by hydrous metal oxides. 

As shown by equation 20, the phosphorus concentration dissolved in the sea is controlled by (1) the upwelling rate of deep seawater, (2) the fraction of particles falling to the deep sea that survive oxidation, (3) the phosphorus content of average river water, and (4) the rate of continental runoff. 

Stevens, R. J. and Stewart, B. M. (1982). Concentration, fractionation and characterization of soluble organic phosphorus in river water entering Lough Neagh. Water Res. 16, 1507-1519. 

In a general way, the overall movement of phosphorus on the continents can be considered as the constant water erosion of rock and transport of P in both particulate and dissolved forms with surface runoff to river channels and further to the oceans. The intermediate transformations are connected with uptake of P as a nutrientby biota and interactions between river waters and bottom sediments. The majority (up to 90%) of eroded P remains trapped in the mineral lattices of the particulate matter and will reach the estuaries and ocean without entering the biological cycle. The smallest soluble part of eroded phosphorus is readily available to enter the biological cycle (Figure 28). 

Phosphorus (as orthophosphate) River waters Benzene MIBK UV-Vis 0.1 ng ml, 1 C-FIA ion pairing with MG membrane for phase separation detailed study of segmenter geometry [477]... 

River water sediment poT, sor Dionex AG4A and AS4A 1.7 mM NaHC03/1.8 mM Na2C03 at 2 mPmin 100 Supp. Cond. (column) Uses high pressure bomb for persulphate digestion and converts all phosphorus to orthophosphate 31... 

Differences in the intensity of management clearly influence the relative concentrations and importance of organic phosphorus, which is reflected in stream and river water. As an example, Christmas and Whitton (1998) reported that filterable organic phosphorus concentrations in the... 

Table 12.1. Literature information on the forms and concentrations of organic phosphorus measured at a range of experimentai scaies from soii soiution to river water. Concentrations are fiiterabie moiybdate-unreactive phosphorus uniess specified. 

Haygarth, P.M., Warwick, M.S. and House, W.A. (1997) Size distribution of colloidal molybdate reactive phosphorus in river waters and soil solution. Water Research 31,439 42. 

Jarvie, H.P., Withers, P.J.A. and Neal, C. (2002) Review of robust measurement of phosphorus in river water sampling, storage, fractionation and sensitivity. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, 11 3-1 31. 

Stevens, R.J. and Stewart, B.M. (1 982b) Some components of particulate phosphorus in river water... 

Fig. 16.2. Overview of model components, processes, and parameters of the river water quality model QUAL2E (Brown and Barnwell, 1987). (ORG-P = organic phosphorus ORG-N =organic nitrogen DIS-P = dissolved phosphorus C-BOD = carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand SOD = sediment oxygen demand).

Besides TSP-spectra from organophosphorus and different groups of polar pesticides, APCI, ESI, FAB and PBI spectra were presented. CID allowed the identification of pesticide residues and the confirmation and quantification of these compounds by TSP at concentrations < 100 ng L [175]. Barcelo et al. [239] extracted river water and spiked seawater samples by Cig Empore disks to concentrate orga-nophosphoras pesticides prior to identification and quantification while Bagheri et al. [247] for the same purpose used on-line SPE for phosphorus pesticides and TSP-LC-MS. 

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