Flame phosphorus-containing

D. Hoang, J. Kim, and B.N. Jang, Synthesis and performance of cyclic phosphorus-containing flame retardants, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 93(11) 2042-2047, November 2008. 

The predominant mode of action of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (both additives and reactives), when present in thermoplastics or thermosets, is considered to be in the condensed phase. Generally, as with cellulose, flammable gas generation is reduced and char formation is promoted. In some cases, the char cohesiveness is also enhanced. The retention of phosphorus in the chars in... 

Green, J., Phosphorus-containing flame retardants, in Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, Grand, A. F. and Wilkie, C. A. (Eds.), 2000, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 147-170. 

Ren, H., Sun, J., Wu, B., and Zhou, Q., Synthesis and properties of a phosphorus-containing flame retardant epoxy resin based on bisphenoxy(3-hydroxy) phenyl phosphine oxide, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 2007, 92, 956-961. 

S. Padbury, B.K. Kandola, and A.R. Horrocks, The effect of phosphorus-containing flame retardants and nanoclay on the burning behaviour of PA 6 and PA 6.6, Proceedings of the 14th BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy, M. Lewin (Ed.), Business Communications Co Editions, Norwalk, CT, 2003. 

Horrocks, A.R., Wang, M.Y., Hall, M.E., Sunmonu, E, and Pearson, J.S. 2000. Flame retardant textile back-coatings. Part 2. Effectiveness of phosphorus-containing flame retardants in textile back-coating formulations. Polym. Int., 49 1079-1091. 

Horrocks, A.R., Davies, P., Alderson, A., and Kandola, B.K. 2007. The potential for volatile phosphorus-containing flame retardants in textile back-coatings. J. Fire Sci., 25(6) 523-540. 

Ishizu has reported on the toxicity towards mice of these compounds and their acyclic precursors (75MI1). They appear to be somewhat less toxic than other phosphorus-containing flame retardants. 

Mechanism of the Effect of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants.. 216... 

Green, J. (199,3), A review of phosphorus-containing flame retardants. Fire Sci. 10,470-487. 

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants are suitable for polar polymers such as PVC, but for polyolefins their action is not sufficient. In this case they are used together with Sb203 and with halogenated compounds. Alkyl-substituted aryl phosphates are incorporated into plasticized PVC and modified PPO (Noryl) to a great extent for other plastics they are less important. Quaternary phosphonium compounds are recommended as flame retardants for ABS and polyolefins. 

Phosphorus-containing flame-retardants can also be incorporated into the polyester chain. Phosphonates enter the main chain while dialkyl phosphites form side chains through scission of the double bond of maleic acid. In addition allyl or diallyl phosphites may act as cross-linking agents. Ammonium polyphosphate is sometimes admixed to the resin as a filler. 

PET-co-polyethylene-9,10-dihydro-lO-[2,3-di(hydroxyl carbonyl jpropyl] -10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide Phosphorus containing flame retardant Index and LOl reported [38]... 

Rigid polyurethane foams have been synthesized from industrial raw materials and phosphorus-containing flame retardants, obtained by the interaction of dialkyl H-phos-phonates with amino alcohols. The phosphorus-containing compounds 1 and 2 are used as modifiers [105]. During polyurethane synthesis, both modifiers speed up the times for foaming, gel formation, and surface drying, and decrease the time for foam growth. 

An overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the phosphorus-containing flame retardants is given below, but allowances must be made for the differences between the various classes within this group. 

Phosphorus containing flame retardants are used as phosphates, phosphonates, phosphines and phosphinic oxides. Halogen-containing phosphate esters such as bromine and chlorine in the form of tris (halogen alkyl) phosphates are popular [33]. The effects of phosphorus and brominated additives on flexible PU foam were compared [179]. Melamine has broad utility as a flame retardant additive in flexible PU foams [180]. 

Epoxy Resins, in the combustion of epoxy resins, phosphorus inhibits the evolution of fuel gases and increases char (176). Much attention has been given to phosphorus additives or reactives in epoxy resins used as coatings for the purpose of increased adhesion to surfaces (177,178) and for fire resistance. More recently, a great deal of attention has been given to phosphorus-containing, flame-retarded electrical/electronic laminates and encapsulated electronic parts. 

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