Hydroxylation-carbonylation

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl, carbonyl, or amine functional group adjacent to a hydoxyl or carbonyl group can be oxidized using metaperiodate, 104 , as an oxidizing titrant. 

Unsaturated compounds containing both a double bond and a charactensbc group such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, or nitnle or an organophosphorus, -selenium sulfur, -iodine, or -boron group are also included in this section even when only the double bond IS oxidized... 

ASYMMETRIC OXIDATION OF ENOLATES FOR THE PREPARATION OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE a-HYDROXYL CARBONYL COMPOUNDS... 

Interestingly, cyclopentane and cyclohexane derivatives, which contain one or two hydroxyl, carbonyl, or carboxyl groups, degrade more readily in the environment than do their parent compounds. In fact, microorganisms capable of degrading of cycloalkanols and cycloalkanones are ubiquitous in environmental samples. 

Oxidation by flame treatment for polyolefins exposure to a flame of methane, propane or butane and oxygen in excess for a very short time (less than 0.2 seconds) to create oxidation and reactive sites such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl... Particularly used for polyethylene and polypropylene. 

Oxidation by ultra-hot-air treatment for polyolefins exposition to a blast of hot air (roughly 500°C) for a short time to oxidize the surface and create reactive sites such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amides... Rather similar to flame treatment, it is particularly used for polyethylene and polypropylene. 

Hence, the most plausible explanation of our FTIR observations of the simultaneous appearance of hydroxyl, carbonyl and ether groups upon TGDDM epoxide consumption is epoxide isomerization and/or oxidation followed by epoxide-hydroxyl chain extension reactions. 

A nickel hydride complex, NiHCl(diphenylphosphinoethane), catalyses the tandem isomerization-aldolization reaction of allylic alcohols with aldehydes.156 The atom- (g) efficient process proceeds at or below ambient temperature with low catalyst loading, and works well even for bulky aldehydes. Magnesium bromide acts as a co-catalyst, and mechanistic investigations suggest that a free enol is formed, which then adds to the aldehyde in a hydroxyl-carbonyl-ene -type reaction. 

Several allylic and homoallylic alcohols prepared from (+)-camphor and (-)-fenchone were ozonolyzed in EtzO at -78 °C and then treated with Et3N or LiAlH4 furnishing chiral hydroxyl carbonyl compounds and diols (the latter with high diastereoselectivity). Several relatively stable 1,2,4-trioxolanes were isolated and characterized by H, 13C, and 170 NMR spectra and by ESI-MS <1999HCA1385>. All stereoisomers of products 159 and 160 were isolated and characterized. 

The metabolites with multiple side chain oxidation sites are more water soluble than those with a single hydroxyl, carbonyl, or carboxyl functional group. The multiple oxidation site metabolites (XII through XXV) have, accordingly, been more difficult to isolate and quantify (Albro et al. 1983). 

This microwave-accelerated double alkylation reaction was applicable to a variety of aniline derivatives and dihalides, furnishing N-aryl azacycloalkanes in good to excellent yields [89]. The reaction was applicable to alkyl chlorides, bromides and iodides and was extended to include hydrazines [90]. This improved synthetic methodology provided a simple and straightforward one-pot approach to the synthesis of a variety of heterocycles such as substituted azetidines, pyrrolidines, piperidines, azepanes, N-substituted-2,3-dihydro-Iff-isoindoles, 4,5-dihydro-pyrazoles, pyrazolidines, and 1,2-dihydro-phthalazines [91]. The mild reaction conditions tolerated a variety of functional groups such as hydroxyls, carbonyls, and esters. 

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