Phosphonated methacrylate phosphonic acid

Spontaneous polymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine in the presence of polyacids was one of the earliest cases of template polymerization studied. Vinyl pyridine polymerizes without an additional initiator in the presence of both low molecular weight acids and polyacids such as poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), polyCvinyl phosphonic acid), or poly(styrene sulfonic acid). The polyacids, in comparison with low molecular weight acids, support much higher initial rates of polymerization and lead to different kinetic equations. The authors suggested that the reaction was initiated by zwitterions. The chain reaction mechanism includes anion addition to activated double bonds of quaternary salt molecules of 4-vinylpyridine, then propagation in the activated center, and termination of the growing center by protonization. The proposed structure of the product, obtained in the case of poly(acrylic acid), used as a template is ... 

In contrast to stabilizers, fire retardants must be added in much higher concentrations, which affect thermal and mechanical properties as well as cost. Sherr and co-workers report that novel derivatives of phosphine oxides, phosphonic acids, phosphinic acid, and phosphonium halides may be used generally in concentrations as low as 2.5-5 p.p.h. to be effective fire retardants in polyethylene and poly (methyl methacrylate). 

In our studies we found that phosphonic acids (16), phosphinic acids (25), and phosphine oxides (17) are additives capable of imparting fire retardant properties to thermoplastic polymers. Tables I and II present data for some of these compounds when added to polyethylene or to poly (methyl methacrylate). The concentration reported is not necessarily the lowest effective concentration for the additive in the polymer. These additives also were effective in other thermoplastic polymers such as polystyrene, impact polystyrene, polypropylene and ABS. The compounds were completely compatible with the polymers. 

Kamai, G., and Kukhtin, V.A., Some unsaturated esters of phosphonoacetic and oxo phosphonic acids and their copolymerization with methyl methacrylate. Trudy Kazan. Khim Tekhnol. Inst., 29, 1951 Chem. Abstr, 51, 5720b, 1957. 

Hydroxypropyl methacrylate 1,3-Pentanediamine Pentasodium triphosphate Phosphonic acid, [1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis-, calcium sodium salt Phosphonic acid, reaction prods, with maleic anhydride, sodium salts... 

Vinyl phosphonic acid Methyl methacrylate Phosphonate [45]... 

Recently, Garska et al. took an interest in the preparation of methacrylated calix[4]arene PAs (Scheme 8.5). Moszner et al. had previously demonstrated that the incorporation of modified calix[4]arenes into dental materials results in a significant decrease of the polymerization shrinkage. As an extension of this work, the phosphonic acid PA-7 and the diphosphonic acid PA-8 were prepared in three steps, starting from j-tert-butylcalix[4]arene. To evaluate their adhesive properties, those two monomers were... 

Interestingly, 10-phosphonooleic acid ( oleic acid-phosphonic acid ), which was obtained via a two-step reaction (Scheme 10.2), was added to the methacrylate formulations (F6). It was shown that the addition of the 10-phosphonooleic acid significantly improved the barrier properties of the coating and as a consequence increased the corrosion protection. 

Scheme 10.4 Synthesis of oligomers containing phosphonic acid moieties and hutyl methacrylate.

Copol5nners of diethyl (methacryloylox5rmethyl)phosphonate have recently been reinvestigated for possible flame-retardant use (87). Various acrylate and methacrylate monomers with phosphonic acid groups, which aid bonding to dentine, have shown promise for dental restoration purposes (88). Various allyl phos-phonates (89) have been proposed for these uses but none appear to have foimd application. 

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