Phosphates, molten

Phosphorus forms its oxide, which then combines with the lining, forming a basic slag of calcium and magnesium phosphates. Molten steel is tapped off from the base of the converter. 

Depending on the materials used for the separation membrane, the ionic conductivity is different as is the temperature at which the desirable ionic conductivity is obtained. Fuel cells can be classified as alkaline, phosphate, molten carbonate, solid oxides, and polymer electrolyte types. These all exhibit different characteristics, and research and development have been focusing on these differences. Readers interested in these aspects of fuel cells are referred to the works by Fueki and Takahashi [1], and Takahashi [2]. Discharge characteristics of various fuel cells are shown in Fig. 2. [3]... 

Nitrogen and sodium do not react at any temperature under ordinary circumstances, but are reported to form the nitride or azide under the influence of an electric discharge (14,35). Sodium siHcide, NaSi, has been synthesized from the elements (36,37). When heated together, sodium and phosphoms form sodium phosphide, but in the presence of air with ignition sodium phosphate is formed. Sulfur, selenium, and tellurium form the sulfide, selenide, and teUuride, respectively. In vapor phase, sodium forms haHdes with all halogens (14). At room temperature, chlorine and bromine react rapidly with thin films of sodium (38), whereas fluorine and sodium ignite. Molten sodium ignites in chlorine and bums to sodium chloride (see Sodium COMPOUNDS, SODIUM HALIDES). 

Flame retardants (qv) are incorporated into the formulations in amounts necessary to satisfy existing requirements. Reactive-type diols, such as A/ A/-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethylphosphonate (Fyrol 6), are preferred, but nonreactive phosphates (Fyrol CEF, Fyrol PCF) are also used. Often, the necessary results are achieved using mineral fillers, such as alumina trihydrate or melamine. Melamine melts away from the flame and forms both a nonflammable gaseous environment and a molten barrier that helps to isolate the combustible polyurethane foam from the flame. Alumina trihydrate releases water of hydration to cool the flame, forming a noncombustible inorganic protective char at the flame front. Flame-resistant upholstery fabric or liners are also used (27). 

Phosphate fertilizer complexes often have sulfuric and phosphoric acid production facilities. Sulfuric acid is produced by burning molten sulfur in air to produce sulfur dioxide, which is then catalytically converted to sulfur trioxide for absorption in oleum. Sulfur dioxide can also be produced by roasting pyrite ore. Phosphoric acid is manufactured by adding sulfuric acid to phosphate rock. The... 

Heating with the following solids, their fusions, or vapours (a) oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, nitrates, nitrites, sulphides, cyanides, hexacyano-ferrate(III), and hexacyanoferrate(II) of the alkali and alkaline-earth metals (except oxides and hydroxides of calcium and strontium) (b) molten lead, silver, copper, zinc, bismuth, tin, or gold, or mixtures which form these metals upon reduction (c) phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or silicon, or mixtures which form these elements upon reduction, particularly phosphates, arsenates,... 

The iron formed in a blast furnace, called pig iron, contains impurities that make the metal brittle. These include phosphorus and silicon from silicate and phosphate minerals that contaminated the original ore, as well as carbon and sulfur from the coke. This iron is refined in a converter furnace. Here, a stream of O2 gas blows through molten impure iron. Oxygen reacts with the nonmetal impurities, converting them to oxides. As in the blast furnace, CaO is added to convert Si02 into liquid calcium silicate, in which the other oxides dissolve. The molten iron is analyzed at intervals until its impurities have been reduced to satisfactory levels. Then the liquid metal, now in the form called steel, is poured from the converter and allowed to solidify. 

Gibov et al. (9) showed that combustion vapors and air could penetrate through a typical char layer. Capillarity served to bring molten polymer to the surface where it could pyrolyze and burn. One answer to this problem is obviously to create a closed cell foam. Gibov et al. showed that the incorporation of boric acid and ammonium phosphate helped minimize penetrability of the char (Fig. 1). 

Naphthalene, Molten Antimony Potassium Tartrate Ammonium Tartrate Antimony Potassium Tartrate Antimony Potassium Tartrate Tert-Butylamine Tricresyl Phosphate Calcium Phosphate DDD... 

The CO gas is easily removed, while the calcium phosphate and manganese oxide go into the molten slag, which has value in fertilizer manufacture because of the phosphate content (Section 9.6). Figure 17.9 shows that Mn, Si, and C will react preferentially with 02 before oxidation of the molten iron solvent begins, but S02 and P2Os have less negative AG°f... 

As an appropriate concluding section in this wide-ranging review of oxygen activation by cobalt-, rhodium-, and iridium-containing systems, it has been reported (233) that molten sodium meta-phosphate (NaP03), at 850°C, reacts with dioxygen to produce the superoxide... 

B. Pelletier,24 and C. M. Marx found that molten bismuth dissolves a little phosphorus, and W. Heintz, that when bismuth phosphate is heated in a current... 

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