Phosphates gastrointestinal system

Abnormally high amounts of phosphate, if suddenly introduced into the gastrointestinal system, are rapidly excreted through cathartic action. 

Gastrointestinal system Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Constipation Anorexia Stomatitis (waste buildup) Bleeding (waste buildup, impaired clotting) Parenteral nutrition (if indicated) Enteral nutrition (if indicated) Dietary restriction of potassium (40 mEq or as ordered), sodium, phosphate based on values of labwork Protein intake based on need (0.6-2 g/kg/day)... 

Reeves 1991a). The intact skin presents a relatively good barrier to beryllium, and insoluble compounds of beryllium have been shown to penetrate the skin only after trauma. Soluble beryllium compounds can cause local irritation, but systemic absorption is thought to be minimal. Similarly, absorption through the gastrointestinal tract is minimal and a U.S. Public Health Service study (Hyslop etal. 1943) established that only 0.006% of ingested beryllium was absorbed. The absorption of beryllium occurs mainly in the acid environment of the stomach. Once the beryllium passes into the alkaline intestine, it becomes precipitated as a phosphate and is excreted in the feces (Vorwald and Reeves 1959). 

Animal studies generally support the concept that vanadium is poorly absorbed (< 10%). A significant amount of vanadium absorption occurs in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Most ingested vanadium probably is transformed to VO in the stomach and passes into the duodenum in this form. In-vitro studies have suggested that vanadate can enter cells via the phosphate or other anion transport system, and this may be why V is absorbed three to five times more effectively than V. ... 

Although phosphate esters show certain common toxic characteristics as discussed above, the toxic effects of many of these compounds differ markedly. For example, the sites of biological effects due to triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP) are the peripheral nervous system, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract, whereas triphenyl phosphate (TPP) causes minor changes in blood enzymes only. Trimethyl phosphate (TMP) is a carcinogen. Aliphatic phosphate esters are irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. 

TCA, tricarboxylic acid Gl, gastrointestinal NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate FAD, flavine adenine dinucleotide FMN, flavine mononucleotide CNS, central nervous system... 

Renal System and Gastrointestinal Tract. The kidney is an excretory organ and therefore has a prominant role in lead metabolism. Lead has been found to cause a reduction in kidney transport of amino acids, glucose, uric acid, citric acid, and phosphate probably because of a decrease in energy production. This decrease in energy production is caused by a direct effect of lead on renal mitochondria, and enzymes responsible for energy production [25]. 

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