Phosphate groups of nucleotides

The phosphate group of nucleotides is attached via a phosphate ester linkage, and may be attached to... 

Guanidino group—for example, arginine (R), which may involve in the binding of phosphate groups of nucleotide coenzymes. 

The molecular mechanisms underlying the detrimental effects caused by aluminum have yet to be fully understood [31]. The toxicological mechanisms of aluminum in plants or in animals probably involve alterations in many enzyme activities. There is a large number of proteins which requires nucleoside phosphates as substrates or is regulated by nucleoside phosphates, therefore aluminum can potentially interfere with the normal functions of these proteins [18]. Thus, it is important to understand some reactions that involve aluminum and nucleotides. In this review we are going to focus on the alterations caused by this metal in some enzymes that hydrolyze or transfer phosphate groups of nucleotides, like NTPases, NTPDases, and kinases. 

At this point, it is clear that aluminum can interact with phosphate groups of nucleotides or in enzyme catalytic structures, thus it is probable that many other enzymatic reactions not discussed here could be damaged by aluminum. 

In addition to its functions in bone, energy transfer, and nucleic adds, phosphate scrv cs to prevent the leakage of biochcmicals from the cell. The phosphate groups of nucleotides, intermediates of glycolysis, and vitarnin 6 greatly impair the... 

More than 100 enzymes are Involved in the biosynthesis,modification,polymerisation, or degradation of nucleosides and nucleotides, many more act upon the polynucleotides, I A and RNA, or they require nucleotide coenzymes and nucleotides like ATP as cosubstrates or allosteric effectors. Besides their specific catalytic functions all these proteins should exhibit certain common modes of protein - nucleotide Interactions because the amino, Imlno, carbonyl, hydroxyl, and phosphate groups of nucleotides represent but a limited array of substituents capable to Interact with protein residues (Figure 1). There are, however, surprisingly few systematic studies on the structural origins of nucleotide specificity. 

The phosphate group of nucleotides has been altered in many ways [170]. The most popular alteration probably is the substitution of one of the oxygens by a sulfur atom. Such derivatives are then commonly employed as probes in libozymes... 

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