Phorbol ester tumor promoters

KATiYAR s K and MUKHTAR H (1997) Inhibition of phorbol ester tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-caused inflammatory responses in SENCAR mouse skin by black tea polyphenols . Carcinogenesis, 18 1911-16. 

In animal studies, mirex, was tested at a dermal dose of 3.6 mg/kg 4 weeks in female CD-1 mice for tumor promoter activity and evidence of epidermal hyperplasia after initiation with 200 nmol/day 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) for 1 week. Positive control mice were treated with 2 nmol/day of the phorbol ester tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), following initiation with DMBA. A third group of mice were treated with both 3.6 mg/kg mirex and 2... 

Kazanietz MG, CalocaMJ, Eroles P, et al, Pharmacology of the receptors for the phorbol ester tumor promoters Multiple receptors with different biochemical properties, Biochem Pharmacol 6Q A 7— A2A, 2000. 

Caloca MJ, Fernandez N, Lewin NE, Ching D, Modali R, Blumberg PM, Kazanietz MG (1997) Beta2>chimaerin is a high affinity receptor for the phorbol ester tumor promoters. J Biol Chem 272 26488-26496... 

Smith JB, Smith L, Pettit GR (1985) Bryostatins potent new mitogens that mimic phorbol ester tumor promoters. Biochem. Biophys Res Commun 132 939-945... 

Blumberg, P.J., Jaken, S., Konig, B., Sharkey, N., Leach, K., Jeng, A., AND Yeh, E. (1984). Mechanism of action of the phorbol ester tumor promoters Specific receptors for lipophilic ligands, Biochem. Pharmacol., 33,933. 

Kujubu, D. A., Fletcher, B. S., Varnum, B. C., Lim, R. W., Herschman, H. R. TIS10, a phorbol ester tumor promoter-inducible mRNA from Swiss 3T3 cells, encodes a novel prostaglandin synth ase/cyclooxygenase homologu, J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266,12866-12872. 

Mirex is a potent microsomal enzyme inducer. Mirex may inhibit Na,K-ATPase and interfere with energy production and utilization. Mirex is also a non-phorbol ester tumor promoter. 

Byrus CV, Lundak K, Pieper S, et al. Increased ornithine decarboxylase activity in cultured cells exposed to low energy modulated microwave fields and phorbol ester tumor promoters. Cancer Res 1988 48 4222-6. 

A variefy of chemical agents are known to act as tumor promoters in various systems. However, much of our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tumor promotion has come from studies using the phorbol ester tumor promoters in the mouse skin model and in various cell culture systems. 

Palytoxin was identified as a skin tnmor two decades ago. Palytoxin is a potent tumor promoter in the monse skin carcinogenesis model. The biochemical mechanism of action of palytoxin as a tnmor promoter differs significantly from that of the prototypical phorbol ester tumor promoters. In contrast to the skin tumor promoter 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), palytoxin does not activate protein kinase C or increase ornithine decarboxilase activity in the mouse skin. " There are several interesting stndies on the cellnlar mechanisms activated by palytoxin as a tumor promoter however, the biochemical mechanisms by which palytoxin-stimnlated signaling contribntes to tnmor promotion are cnrrently elncidated, and it seems that they conld depend on the experimental... 

Kujubu, D.A., Fletcher, B.S., Vamum, B.C., Lim, R.W., and Herschman, HJl. (1991) TISIO, a Phorbol Ester Tumor Promoter-Inducible mRNA from Swiss 3T3 Cells, Encodes a... 

Andreotti, P. E. (1982). Phorbol ester tumor promoter modulation of alloantigen specific T lymphocyte responses. Immunol. 129 91-96. 

ROS are increasingly being cited as agents of normal signal transduction, mid, while their source is usually uncertain, xanthine oxidase XO is often a likely candidate. A phorbol ester tumor promoter such as PMA enhances the generation of ROS accumulation and declines the ROS detoxification enzymes in both epidermal and inflammatory cells. It triggers ROS accumulation through activation of xanthine oxidase (XO) or the stimulation of PMNs which cause NADPH oxidase activation. 

Kazanietz, MG (2000) Eyes wide shut protein kinase C isozymes are not the only receptors for the phorbol ester tumor promoters. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 28, 5-11. 

Smith, J.B., L. Smith, and G.R. Pettit Bryostatins Potent, New Mitogens that Mimic Phorbol Ester Tumor Promoters. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 132, 939 (1985). 

Sako, T., S.H. Yuspa, C.L. Herald, G.R. Pettit, and P.M. Blumberg Partial Parallelism and Partial Blockade by Bryostatin 1 of Effects of Phorbol Ester Tumor Promoters on Primary Mouse Epidermal Cells. Cancer Res. 47, 5445 (1987). 

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