Phenobarbital with cyclosporine

Macrophage subtype 27E10, which has been shown to possess pro-inflammatory activity (ZwADLO et al. 1986, Bhardwaj et al. 1992), expressed IBl, 2E1, and 2B6/7 (Baron et al. 1998). on the other hand, in the anti-inflammatory macrophage subtype RM3/1, predominantly IBl and to some extent 2B6/7 were found. Treatment with cyclosporin A, phenobarbital, benzanthracene or ethanol resulted in induction of the expression of 3A3/4. Cyp IBl was the predominant isoenzyme in all monocytes and macrophages. In monocytes purified by adherence or induced by benzanthracene, U-popolysaccharide or 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, lAl was also expressed. 

Age-related variations in central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitter production and receptor sensitivity are the most likely explanations for the pharmacodynamic differences observed between children and adults following administration of psychotropic medications [39a], Children have lower phenobarbital ratios than adults, and the ratio increases with gestational age [40,41]. Conversely, a lower therapeutic range for children has been identified for cyclosporine, phenytoin, and digoxin [42]. 

Drugs that bind strongly to red blood cells may exhibit concentration-dependent uptake from plasma. This is reported for acetazolamide, chlorthali-done, and cyclosporine. " The determination of the blood to plasma (B/P) ratios can be method specific. For example, the determination of the B/P ratio of cyclosporine A increases from 1.5-3.0 when estimated at body temperature (37°C) compared with a ratio of 2.5-10.0 at room temperature (20°C). Drugs reported to bind strongly to the erythrocytes (B/P ratio > 1) are promazine, chlorpromazine, propranolol, salicylate, phenobarbital, pentazocine, and phenytoin. " ... 

Clinically important, potentially hazardous interactions with allopurinol, amiodarone, amobarbital, anabolic steroids, anti-thyroid agents, aprobarbital, aspirin, barbiturates, bivalirudin, butabarbital, butalbital, cimetidine, clofibrate, clopidogrel, cyclosporine, delavirdine, disulfiram, fenofibrate, fluconazole, gemfibrozil, glutethimide, imatinib, itraconazole, ketoconazole, levothyroxine, liothyronine, mephobarbital, methimazole, metronidazole, miconazole, penicillins, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, phenylbutazones, piperacillin, prednisone, primidone, propylthiouracil, quinidine, quinine, rifabutin, rifampin, rifapentine, rofecoxib, salicylates, secobarbital, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamides, testosterone, thyroid, zileuton... 

Clinically important, potentially hazardous interactions with aspirin, cyclosporine, digoxin, diuretics, estrogens, ketoconazole, live vaccines, oral contraceptives, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin, warfarin... 

Clinically important, potentially hazardous interactions with amlodipine, anisindione, anticoagulants, aprepitant, atorvastatin, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, butabarbital, carbamazepine, chlordiazepoxide, clarithromycin, clonazepam, dorazepate, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, dexamethasone, diazepam, dicumarol, erythromycin, ethotoin, felodipine, flurazepam, fluvastatin, fosphenytoin, isradipine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lorazepam, lovastatin, mephenytoin, mephobarbital, midazolam, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, oxazepam, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, pimozide, pravastatin, primidone, quazepam, rifampin, secobarbital, simvastatin, St John s wort, temazepam, warfarin... 

Clinically important, potentially hazardous interactions with abacavir, atorvastatin, bepridil, bupropion, carbamazepine, clarithromycin, cyclosporine, dexamethasone, digoxin, felodipine, fluticasone propionate, fosamprenavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lovastatin, methadone, midazolam, nicardipine, nifedipine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifabutin, simvastatin, sirolimus, St John s wort, systemic lidocaine, tacrolimus, tenofovir, trazodone, vinblastine, vincristine, voriconazole, warfarin, zidovudine... 

Clinically important, potentially hazardous interactions with aluminum, aminophylline, aspirin, chlorambucil, cimetidine, clarithromycin, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, dicumarol, diuretics, docetaxel, estrogens, grapefruit juice, indomethacin, influenza vaccines, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lansoprazole, live vaccines, methotrexate, montelukast, omeprazole, oral contraceptives, pancuronium, phenobarbital, phenytoin, ranitidine, rifampicin, rifampin, timolol, tolbutamide, vitamin A... 

Clinically important, potentially hazardous interactions with alcohol, aprepitant, clarithromycin, cyclosporine, fluconazole, ketoconazole, phenobarbital, rifampin, ritonavir, St John s wort, verapamil... 

Additional studies carried out in animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) further support the use of selective ABCBl inhibitors to reverse drug resistance in RE. Thus, tariquidar potentiates the effect of phenytoin and countervails resistance to phenobarbital in a rat model of TLE. Furthermore, cyclosporin A helps reverse resistance to phenytoin in a rat model of AED-resistant status epilepticus. Finally, verapamil counteracts resistance to oxacarbazepine in rats with pilocarpine-induced seizures [42]. 

Other drags that suppress hver CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 levels include cyclosporine [203, 204] and chloramphenicol [205], although the latter effects are strain dependent and are associated with a modest reduction in plasma levels of thyroxine but not testosterone [205]. GH does not appear to play a role in the suppression of CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 by cyclosporine, which does not alter the plasma GH peak amplitude, niunber, or duration [206]. Phenobarbital [24, 207, 208], dexa-methasone [28], 5-fluoroiuacil [209], doxorubicin [210], fenofibrate [211], rosuvastatin [212],... 

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