Phases of Explosions

Chapter 3 Explosives Dehnition of Explosion Categories of Explosions Phases of Explosions Mechanical Overpressure Explosions Mechanical/Chemical Explosions Chemical Explosions Dust Explosions Nuclear Explosions Components of an Explosion Types of Explosives... 

Figure 15.14 Separation of explosives exnacted from water by using SPE-SFE-GC at several SEE trapping temperatures, peak identification is as follows NG, nitroglycerin 2,6-DNT, 2,6-dinitrotoluene 2,4-DNT, 2,4-dinitrotoluene TNT, triniti otoluene IS, 1,3-tiichloroben-zene. Adapted Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 16, G. C. Slack et al., Coupled solid phase extraction supercritical fluid extraction-on-line gas cliromatography of explosives from water , pp. 473-478, 1993, with permission from Wiley-VCH.

G. C. Slack, H. M. McNair, S. B. Hawthorne and D. J. Miller, Coupled solid phase exti action-supercritical fluid exti action-on-line gas chromatography of explosives from water , ]. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 16 473-478 (1993). 

Catalytic oxidation reactions in ionic liquids have been investigated only very recently. This is somewhat surprising in view of the well loiown oxidation stability of ionic liquids, from electrochemical studies [11], and the great commercial importance of oxidation reactions. Moreover, for oxidation reactions with oxygen, the nonvolatile nature of the ionic liquid is of real advantage for the safety of the reaction. While the application of volatile organic solvents may be restricted by the formation of explosive mixtures in the gas phase, this problem does not arise if a nonvolatile ionic liquid is used as the solvent. 

Effect in Vol 4, D442-R to D454-L). This discovery, at a somewhat later date in Germany than in the USA (1910 for Neumann vs 1888 for Munroe), has been shown to be independent of the work of Munroe. Engineer, inventor, author, lecturer and well-known authority on explosives, his work, both basic applied, covered many phases of the armament industry Refs 1) E.G. Neumann, GerP AmmW 36269 (1910) 2) E.G. Neumann, BritP 28030 (1911)... 

In 1902, the need was felt for the storage of a war reserve of sodium nitrate, of armor-piercing projectiles and of high explosives. The second phase of Picatinny s development began. Six projectile sheds and some nitrate buildings were erected. A year later, a temporary plant was installed for filling projectiles with Maximite and several thousand armor-piercing projectiles were filled with this explosive... 

The third phase of the Arsenal s development began with an appropriation in 1906 of 165,000 for the erection and equipage of a powder factory. This work was undertaken by Major B.W. Dunn, Jr, the inventor of Explosive D , which replaced Maximite for armor-piercing shell. 

An example of the separation of a mixture of explosives on a C8 column is shown in figure 7. The column was 3.3 cm long, 4.6 mm in diameter and packed with 3 pm C8 silica based reverse phase. This short column has a potential efficiency of 5,500 theoretical plates. 

GP 11] ]R 19] The suppression of explosive homogeneous gas-phase reactions is not due simply to thermal quenching as a result of the heat losses from a micro reactor, but rather to radical quenching [9]. The micro reactor will therefore be safe even when heat losses from the reaction micro channel are reduced by design modifications. 

Another type of physical explosion can occur upon rapid vaporization of a liquid when contacted with a significantly hotter material (e.g., water added to vessel containing hot oil). This is also referred to as a rapid phase transition explosion. In addition to blast, physical explosions can also generate fragments when initially confined. 

The open-top floating roof tank design eliminates the potential for BLEVE. Further, the material being handled has no potential for chemical reactions or for condensed-phase explosions. Thus, these types of explosions can also be eliminated from consideration. 

Duration (of an explosion) The length of time of the overpressure phase of the blast wave. 

Rapid Phase Transition Explosion Rapid vaporization of a liquid when contacted with a significantly hotter material. 

For vapor to move in the unsaturated zone, the soil formations must be sufficiently dry to permit the interconnection of air passages among the soil pores. Vapor concentration and vapor flow govern its movement. Vapor can move by diffusion from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration and ultimately to the atmosphere. Therefore, the transportation of the vapor phase of gasoline components in the unsaturated zone can pose a significant health and safety threat because of inhalation and explosion potential. 

Finely powdered silicon can give significant dust explosion hazards. Relationships of sensitivity to spark ignition and of explosibility to particle size are studied [1]. Maximum explosion pressures of 6.4 bar, with maximum rate of rise of 884 bar/s have been determined [2], Silicon dust is likely to result from processes using silanes in the gas phase [3],... 

This technique provides a method of initiating primacord—-and thus any explosive charge—if a regular blasting cap is not available. The device may be rigged as a booby trap with trip wire or it can be fired remotely by the operator. Since the technique does require the destruction of a usable rifle it likely would be used only when there is no other alternative. In addition, care should be taken in all phases of the preparation, because when the weapon is fired it will break into many fragments which would severely injure anyone holding the weapon or close to it. 

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