Phase transfer catalysis overview

The following sections provide a simplified mechanistic overview of phase-transfer catalysis. For more detailed presentations, reference should be made to more modern comprehensive texts [e.g. I -3],... 

The wide range covered by nearly forty contributions ensures a concise overview of the latest developments in the field, w hethcr they be new methods of C-C bond formation or race-mization, asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis or stereoselective metathesis reactions, solid phase reactions or particularly elegant syntheses of challenging natural products. 

Starks, C. M. (1987). Phase Transfer Catalysis An Overview. Phase Transfer Catalysis—New Chemistry, Catalysts and Applications, September 8, 1985, American Chemical Society 190th Meeting, Chicago, IL, ed. C. M. Starks, 1-7. ACS Symposium Series No. 326, Washington, D. C. American Chemical Society. 

Gururaja and Waser describe the use of asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis for the synthesis of biologically active complex natural products in Chapter 14. In Chapter 15, ViUaverde et al. present an overview of the new trends in residue analysis, and the definition of biopesticide with reference to the European Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009. 

The main objective of this chapter is to illustrate how fundamental aspects behind catalytic two-phase processes can be studied at polarizable interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). The impact of electrochemistry at the ITIES is twofold first, electrochemical control over the Galvani potential difference allows fine-tuning of the organization and reactivity of catalysts and substrates at the liquid liquid junction. Second, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and photoelectrochemical techniques provide fundamental insights into the mechanistic aspects of catalytic and photocatalytic processes in liquid liquid systems. We shall describe some fundamental concepts in connection with charge transfer at polarizable ITIES and their relevance to two-phase catalysis. In subsequent sections, we shall review catalytic processes involving phase transfer catalysts, redox mediators, redox-active dyes, and nanoparticles from the optic provided by electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. This chapter also features a brief overview of the properties of nanoparticles and microheterogeneous systems and their impact in the fields of catalysis and photocatalysis. 

JMM, van HemertLJC, Quaedflieg PJLM, Rutjes FPJT Chem Soc Rev (2008) 37 29 (d) Gdmez Arrayas R, Carretero JC (2009) Chem Soc Rev 38 1940], The overview of the activities in this field is subdivided following the different types of catalysts that have been utilized. This includes catalysis by enanfine-fomfing chiral amines, chiral Brpnsted bases, chiral Brpnsted acids, and phase-transfer catalysts. 

---