Phase contrast images

Tdrdk P, Sheppard C J R and LaczikZ 1996 Dark field and differential phase contrast imaging modes in confocal microscopy using a half aperture stop Optik 103 101-6... 

There ate four main approaches to x-ray imaging contact radiography, scanning x-ray microscopy, holographic x-ray microscopy, and shadow projection x-ray microscopy. In the future, there will likely be phase-contrast imaging and photoelectron x-ray microscopy. 

Figure 5 Images of a thin region of an epitaxial film of Ge on Si grown by oxidation of Ge-implanted Si (a) conventional TEM phase contrast image with no compositional information and b) high-angle dark-field STEM image showing atomically sharp interface between Si and Ge. (Courtesy of S.J. Pennycook)...

Tamayo, J. and Garcia, R., Effects of elastic and inelastic interactions on phase contrast images in tapping-mode scanning force microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett., 71(16), 2394-2396 (1997). 

Where is a convolution integral and FT is the Fourier transform. The phase-contrast imaging performance of an HRTEM is controlled by sin y, which contains the basic phase-contrast sinusoidal terms modified by an envelope... 

Fig. 3 TEM (top) and AFM phase contrast images (bottom) of aqueous micelles formed by a PS200-P2VP140-PEO590 ABC triblock copolymer at pH > 5 (left) and pH< 5 (right). For TEM pictures, the PS and P2VP blocks have been stained by Ru04. AFM images have been recorded with tapping mode (contrast scale black 0°, white 45°). Adapted from [47]...

Fig. 10 (a) 3D-sketch of the cell cross section according to Fig. 12. (b) Sketch of the laser focus, (c) The laser beam is scanned along the y-direction. Right phase contrast image of arbitrary pattern written into critical sample. The bright regions show an enrichment of PDMS, the dark ones a depletion (enrichment of PEMS)... 

An expression for the transmitted light in ideal phase contrast imaging can be found in [102, 103], For a more detailed treatment it is also necessary to take the finite width of the phase object into account [104], resulting in... 

The sample is then raster scanned through the focus spot, and the transmission in each image pixel is recorded. Among the variety of soft X-ray detectors are proportional counters and phosphors with photomultipliers. A recent development is a silicon detector with a segmented chip (Feser et al., 2003) allowing for dark and bright field as well as differential phase contrast imaging. 

Out-of-focus phase contrast imaging (see Section 5.7.1 and Qarke 1980)... 

Fig. 3. Low temperature and the presence metaboiic or endocytosis inhibitors prevent ceiiuiar uptake of TAT-iiposomes. OVCAR-3 ceiis are incubated with Rhodamine-PE iabeiied TAT-iiposomes for 5 h at 37° (a, c, d) or at 4°C (b). Left panels are confocai images, right paneis are phase contrast images, incubation at 37°C without any inhibitor resuits in intraceiiuiar vesicuiar iocaiization of the TAT-iiposomes (a). Oniy piasma membrane binding is observed in case of incubation at 4°C (b) and incubation with the metaboiic inhibitor iodoactemide (c) or endocytosis inhibitor cytochaiasin D (d). These resuits indicate that the ceiiuiar uptake of TAT-iiposomes occurs via endocytosis. (Reproduced from (12) with permission from Eisevier Science)...

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