Pharmacology, Rate-Controlle

It is imperative that the kinetics of drug release are aligned with the kinetics of the restenotic cascade, as well as the pharmacologic mechanism of the drug being released (7,36), Rate-controlling systems, such as polymers, are ideal for this... 

Pappone C, et al. Circumferential radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary vein ostia A new anatomic approach for curing atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000 102(21 ) 261 9-2628. HohnloserSH, Kuck KH, LilienthalJ. Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation—Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF) a randomised trial. Lancet 2000 356(9244) 1789-1794. 

The prodysrhythmic effects of antidysrhythmic drugs have been reviewed in discussions of the pharmacological conversion of atrial fibrillation (38) and the relative benefits of rate control in atrial fibrillation or maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion (39). 

Drug release should be controlled in accordance with the therapeutic purposes and pharmacological properties of the active substances. The plasma drug levels-time profiles after oral administration can be classified as ratetime-controlled release. Rate-controlled release is further classified into three types, i.e. immediate-release, prolonged-release, and modified-release. One typical time-controlled release is delayed-release. More advanced releases can be achieved by combinations of these different release types (Fig. 14.9). Various CyD derivatives have been used in order to modify drug releases in oral preparations [13, 15]. 

Now rate-controlled systems—which are membrane-controlled and osmotically actuated—are available to carry out every phase of rate-controlled pharmaceutical research and development from animal toxicology to incorporation of the drug of Lnterest into a dosage form for routine use in human therapy. The experimental tools developed make it practical to study—in both animals and man—the distribution and actions of drugs in the body when their concentrations are maintained at a virtually steady Level. Data from such studies are basic to the logical design of late-controlled pharmaceutical products for medical treatment. For such research, two classes of osmotically driven pumps have be n developed—one for animals and one for clinical pharmacology. Within each class, two delivery rates are available (20-22). 

There are in excess of 100 studies validating the use of multimodal behavioral therapies for smoking cessation, either alone or in combination with pharmacologic therapies. Multimodal behavioral therapies without pharmacologic agents achieve double the quit rates compared with controls,... 

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