Pharmacist organizations

The Responsible Pharmacist organizes and supervises in particular the manufacture, packaging, storage, control and supply, whether free of charge or in return for payment, of medicines, products and objects defined in articles L. 511 and L. 512, as well as advertising relating to them ... 

Several national organizations serve the professional needs of U.S. pharmacists. These reflect the practice milieu of members, eg, independent community pharmacies, chain dmg stores, and hospitals. The American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA), founded in 1852, is composed of the Academy of Pharmaceutical Research and Science, Academy of Pharmaceutical Practice and Management, and the Academy of Students of Pharmacy. Other organizations include the American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists (ASHP), National Association of Chain Dmg Stores (NACDS), and National Association of Retail Dmggists (NARD). 

The Animal Health Institute (AHI), the premier trade organization of animal health industries, had its beginnings in Des Moines, Iowa, sharing offices and staff with the Iowa Pharmacists Association. The executive secretary of the Iowa Pharmaceutical Association and Animal Health Institute was a pharmacist who eventually became the full-time executive secretary for the AHI when it moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C. 

Organization and personnel describe that in the dispensing of all prescriptions, the pharmacist has the responsibility and authority to inspect and approve or reject all components, drug product containers, closures, in-process materials, and labeling. It also has the authority to prepare and review all compounding records to assure that no errors have occurred in the compounding process. The pharmacist is also responsible for fhe proper maintenance, cleanliness, and use of all equipmenf used in prescription compmmding practice. 

Before the availability of artificial fertilizers in the mid-19th century, farms were traditionally organic, with recycling of animal waste, and perhaps with the application of lime on acid soils. Agricultural chemical analysis may have begun with Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786), the Swedish pharmacist who isolated citric acid from lemons and gooseberries and malic acid from apples. In France, Nicolas Theodore de Saussure (1767-1845) studied the mineral composition of plant ash, and in Britain, Sir Humphrey Davy... 

Emile-Clement Jungfleisch, 1839-1916. French chemist and pharmacist. Professor of organic chemistry at the Ecolc Superieure de Pharmacie and at the College de France. Although most of his ninety-nine papers were organic or pharmaceutical m nature, he also made valuable contributions to the chemistry of gallium and indium. 

A nationwide professional organization of pharmacists that represents the views of minority pharmacists. 

In the United Slates, there is no national qualifying or licensing body for pharmacists. Licensure requirements are promulgated by State boards of pharmacy that administer examinations, issue internship requirements, and oversee the practice of pharmacy. The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy serves the collective needs of the state boards. This organization has no licensure authority. However, it has developed a standardized licensure examination (NABPLEX), which as of this writing is used by 48 states i,see Licensing). 

Each state has a professional pharmacy organization, some of which are affiliated with the American Pharmaceutical Association, Similarly, state organizations of hospital pharmacists exist in affiliation with the ASHP, Likewise, local or county associations exist in most instances. Each national association publishes a journal as do most state organizations, The FederalRegister reports proposed and enacted federal regulatory occurrences several times a week. Each stale has a similar publication to report its legislation and regulatory developments, e.g The Pennsylvania Bulletin. 

Another survey published in 2000 yielded a much higher figure for herbal drug use. Forty percent of patients at a health maintenance organization (an HMO) took herbal drugs, according to a survey published in the Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. The herbals most frequently used were garlic, aloe, cranberry, and echinacea. 

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