Pharmaceutical industry - introduction

Examples of Synthesis Routes Inherently Safer Than Others As summarized by Bodor (1995), the ethyl ester of DDT is highly effective as a pesticide and is not as toxic. The ester is hydrolytically sensitive and metabolizes to nontoxic products. The deliberate introduction of a structure into the molecule which facilitates hydrolytic deactivation of the molecule to a safer form can be a key to creating a chemical product with the desired pesticide effects but without the undesired environmental effects. This technique is being used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry. It is applicable to other chemical industries as well. 

As gelatin is a common food additive with applications in the pharmaceutical industry, its introduction into foreign protein production systems may generate fewer regulatory concerns than other biopolymers. 

The following sections of the introduction identify the design constraints that are of particular importance to the pharmaceutical industry. 

The book is separated into five major sections One short section on general aspects of spectroscopy, molecular biology and data evaluation is followed by an introduction into the NMR of commonly encountered classes of biomolecules. Thereafter, recent developments in spectroscopic techniques are highlighted. The next section describes experiments and practical aspects useful for the characterization of protein-ligand interactions. The final section presents an account on strategies for drug development using NMR written by experts from pharmaceutical industry. 

After a short introduction into the relevance of Impurity profiling for regulatory authorities, public health, and the pharmaceutical industry, an overview is presented based on the various modes of capillary electrophoresis that have been used in drug impurity analysis. The applications of capillary zone electrophoresis, non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, microemulsion electrokinetic capillary chromatography, capillary gel electrophoresis, and capillary electrochromatography are presented consecutively. 

In this review we will focus on their use as catalysts and promoters in the introduction of molecular oxygen into organic substrates. Oxidized hydrocarbons serve as important feedstocks for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Unfortunately, hydrocarbons are also infamous in their ability to resist oxidation under environmentally benign and easily controlled conditions. The large volume of these materials needed to satisfy the demand of the chemical industry economically precludes all stoichiometric oxidants, with the sole exception of molecular... 

On this point, Grabowski and Vernon (1990,1994) estimate rates of return from investment in pharmaceutical research and development, and report values slightly higher than the associated cost of capital. In their latter study they conclude the estimated mean return on pharmaceutical industry new chemical entity (NCE) introductions forthe first half ofthe 1980s was 11.1% compared with the estimated (real) cost of capital of 10.5% over the same period (p. 404). This finding also suggests that one is unlikely to find major unexploited opportunities. Still, without determining a social optimum, one cannot make firm conclusions about the sufficiency of resources directed toward these activities. 

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