Pharmaceutical development, in industry

SOURCES Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Annual Survey Reports, 1975-91 (Washington, DC PMA, 1978-91). National Science Foundation, Surveys of Science Resources Series, Research and Development in Industry 1987-7988, Detailed Statistical Tables, NSF 89-323 (Washington, DC NSF, 1989, 1990). National Science Foundation, Selected Data on Research and Development in Industry 1990, NSF 92-317, Selected Data Tables (Washington, DC NSF, 1992). 

Perhaps the most common type of problem encountered in the analytical lab is a quantitative analysis. Examples of typical quantitative analyses include the elemental analysis of a newly synthesized compound, measuring the concentration of glucose in blood, or determining the difference between the bulk and surface concentrations of Cr in steel. Much of the analytical work in clinical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and industrial labs involves developing new methods for determining the concentration of targeted species in complex samples. Most of the examples in this text come from the area of quantitative analysis. 

In 1993, the United States medical device industry employed 282,000 people, averaging a growth rate of about 4% since 1975. Research and development spending in this industry outpaced that in virtually every other industry. Over 7% of sales were spent on research and development in 1993, amounting to a Httle less than 3 bHHon. This rate reflects both the rapid rate of innovation and short product life-cycle. Medical devices become obsolete far more rapidly than pharmaceuticals (qv), forcing companies continuously to be innovative. 

The NF and reagent grades are employed in the pharmaceutical industry which makes use of benzyl alcohol s local anesthetic, antiseptic, and solvent properties (17—20). It also finds use in cough symps and drops ophthalmic solutions bum, dental (21), and insect repeUant solutions and ointments and dermatological aerosol sprays. It is used in nail lacquers and as a color developer in hair dyes by the cosmetics industry (22), and in acne treatment preparations (23). 

In the early years of the chemical industry, use of biological agents centered on fermentation (qv) techniques for the production of food products, eg, vinegar (qv), cheeses (see Milk and milk products), beer (qv), and of simple organic compounds such as acetone (qv), ethanol (qv), and the butyl alcohols (qv). By the middle of the twentieth century, most simple organic chemicals were produced synthetically. Fermentation was used for food products and for more complex substances such as pharmaceuticals (qv) (see also Antibiotics). Moreover, supports were developed to immobilize enzymes for use in industrial processes such as the hydrolysis of starch (qv) (see Enzyme applications). 

HEPA and ULPA filters have been developed. In the CEN EN 1822 1998 test method, the filter s efficiency is determined for the most penetrating particle size (MPPS). Depending on the filter s total level of separation and leakage, the filter is classified as HIO, Hll,.. ., H14 and U15, U16, or U17. HEPA filters are commonly used for inlet air in the pharmaceutical, optical, and food industries. 

Biaryl derivatives bearing reactive groups have become increasingly important in industry. Uses for this class of compounds are constantly being developed in the production of high performance polymers. Materials such as 3,3, 4,4 -biphenyl-tetracarboxylic dianhydride 1 and 4,4 -biphenol 2 are monomers employed in the manufacture of high performance polyimides or polyesters. Applications for this family of molecules have also been found both in the dye industry and in the pharmaceutical industry. 

In addition to general scientific meetings which contain papers involving LC-MS, the Annual Montreux Meeting, held since 1980, is a meeting devoted to LC-MS, CE-MS and MS-MS which deals with technical developments in on-line aspects, theoretical considerations, and applications of the techniques in enviromnental, clinical, industrial and pharmaceutical analysis, and other fields. Recent advances... 

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