Pharmaceutical analysis electrochemical detection

UV detection, diode-array detector (DAD) and fluorescence have been the detection techniques used, coupled to HPLC for the analysis of OTC. UV detection is set at 355 nm [49-51], 350 nm [40], or at 353 nm [52], Using the diode array detector [49] offers advantages that the target peak can be identified by its retention time and absorption spectrum. Compared to UV detection, fluorescence detection is generally more specific and is less interfered by other compounds in the sample matrix [51]. A HPLC method with electrochemical detection has also been suggested recently. Zhao et al. [53] described HPLC with a coulometric electrode array system for the analysis of OTC, TC, CTC, DC, and methacycline (MC) in ovine milk. An amper-ometric detection coupled with HPLC was developed by Kazemifard and Moore [54] for the determination of tetracyclines in pharmaceutical formulations. 

Many other selective techniques such as MS, FT-IR, ICP-MS, and electrochemical detection have also been used and several reviews of FIA applications in pharmaceutical analysis appear in the literature.214-216 Several articles are dedicated to pharmaceutical analysis using SIA.217218 FIA and SIA have been applied to high-throughput analysis (up to 200 samples per hour with good... 

Kotani, A., Kojima, S., Hakamata, H., Jin, D., and Kusu, R, Determination of honokiol and magnolol by micro HPLC with electrochemical detection and its application to the distribution analysis in branches and leaves of Magnolia obovata. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo) 53(3), 319-322, 2005. 

A.-L. Liu, F.-Y. He, Y.-L. Hu and X.-H. Xia, Plastified poly(ethylene ter-ephthalate) (PET)-toner microfluidic chip by direct-printing integrated with electrochemical detection for pharmaceutical analysis, Talanta, 68 (2006) 1303-1308. 

The analysis of trace substances in environmental science, pharmaceutical and food industries is a challenge since many of these applications demand a continuous monitoring mode. The use of immunosensors based on AuNPs in these applications should also be appropriate. Although there are many recent developments in the immunosensor field, which have potential impacts [36], nevertheless there are few papers concerning environmental analysis with electrochemical detection based on AuNPs. The application of some developed clinical immunosensors can also be extended to the environmental field. 

Neumayr, M. Friedrich, O. Sontag, G. Pittner, F. Flow-injection analysis with electrochemical detection for determination of salicychc acid in pharmaceutical preparations. Anal. Chim. Acta 1993, 273, 469-475. 

Bachman, W.J. Stewart, J.T. HPLC-photolysis-electrochemical detection in pharmaceutical analysis application to the determination of spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets. J.Chromatogr.Sci., 1990, 28, 123-128 [post-column reaction electrochemical detection tablets simultaneous spironolactone]... 

This section will only discuss the most common detection methods used for CE analysis of pharmaceuticals, that is, UVAds absorbance, LIED, mass spectrometry, and electrochemical detection. In the tables of applications, the method of detection is indicated for each apphcation. This should aid the interested reader and provide information on detector suitability for intended applications. 

Bowman J., Tang L.Y., Silverman C.E., Analysis of small amines in pharmaceuticals hy capillary ion electrophoresis with conductivity detection. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 23, 663-669 (2000). de SUva J.A.E., Electrochemical detection in capillary electrophoresis. Quimica Nova., 26, 56-64 (2003). 

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