Phage Types

105021 Organism is lysed by staphylococcal Lytic Group I. 105022 Organism is lysed by staphylococcal Lytic Group II. 

0 Antisera 0 Antisera 0 Antisera 0 Antisera 0 Antisera 0 Antisera 0 Antisera 0 Antisera 0 Antisera 0 Antisera 0 Antisera 0 Antisera 0 Antisera 0 Antisera 

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Lysogeny is generally a veiy stable state, but occasionally a cell will lose its prophage and these cured cells are once more susceptible to infection by that particular phage type. 

Different strains of a number of bacterial species can be distinguished by their sensitivity to a collection of phages. Bacteria which can be typed in this way include Stop/ , aureus and Salmonella typhi. The particular strain ol say, Staph, aureus responsible for an outbreak of infection is characterized by the pattern of its sensitivity to a standard set of phages and then possible sources of infection are examined for the presence of that same phage type of Staph, aureus. 

Phage typing Capillary electrophoresis Flow cytometry... 

Stringer, J. Development of a phage-typing system for group-B streptococci. J. Med. Microbiol. 1980,13,133-143. 

Hickman-Brenner, F. W. Stubbs, A. D. Farmer, J. J. Phage typing of Salmonella-Enteritidis in the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1991,29,2817-2823. 

Diagnosis Blood cultures require a prolonged period of incubation in the acute phase. Bone marrow cultures produce a higher yield. Confirmation requires phage-typing, oxidative metabolism, or genotyping procedure. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays... 

In 1971, Great Britain implemented a ban on subtherapeutic use of tetracyclines in animal production. This action was taken after considerable debate and was greatly influenced by antibiotic resistant Sa Imone 1 la infections (S. typhimurium phage type 29) in humans in the mid-1960 s, which appeared to be related to similar infections in calves (Anderson, 23 Antibiotics were not approved as feed additives for calves at that time nor previously. Thus, earlier implementation of the Swann Committee (Ifi) recommendations would have had no apparent impact on that particular epidemic, nor did it prevent a similar epidemic later (Rowe et al., 12J. 

Rowe B Threlfall E. J Ward L. R Ashley A S, International spread of muItiresistant strains of SaImone 1 la typhimurium phage types 204 and 193 from Britain to Europe. Vet Record. 1979 105 468. 

The most serious association of antibiotics with salmonellosis was the 1965 outbreak in England of phage type 29 Salmonella typhimurium, resistant to tetracyclines. Six human deaths were attributed to this epidemic. It was traced to "shotgun" treatment of young calves with antibiotics followed by wide dispersal of the calves ( ). Although this epidemic did not involve the use of livestock feeds containing antibiotics, the seriousness of the outbreak led to an inquiry in the UK and a report by the Swann Committee, 1969, into this use. The report of the committee called for a stop to the use of certain common antibiotics in animal feeds in the United Kingdom. 

A tremendous amount has been achieved by the application of X-ray crystallography in determining the three-dimensional structure of a-lactalbumin and lysozyme, and in the case of lysozyme, the mode of its catalytic action. Nevertheless, despite the tremendous advances, there are still areas of this mechanism that are not fully understood. This is especially true of the comparative mode of action of c-, g-, and phage-type lysozymes. 

Cox RA, Conquest C, Mallaghan C, Marples RR (1995) A major outbreak of methiciUin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus caused by a new phage-type (EMRSA-16). J Hosp Infect 29 87-106 Dalsgaard A, Forslund A, Fussing V (1999) Traditional ribotyping shows a higher discrimination than the automated RiboPrinter system in typing Vibrio cholerae Ol. Lett Appl Microbiol 28 327-333... 

Wu S, Shcn L. Plasmid analysis and phage typing in the study of staphylococcal colonization and disease in newborn infants. Chin Med Sci J 1993s 8 157-161. 

Weaver, L.H., M.G. Grutter, and S.J. Remington et al. 1985. Comparison of goose-type chicken-type, and phage-type lysozymes illustrates the changes that occur in both amino acid sequence and three-dimensional structure during evolution. J. Mol. Evol. 21 97-111. 

Phage typing Use of bacteriophages to determine similarities or differences among different bacteria. 

E. coli K1 specific bacteriophages have been tested for phage-typing of bacterial strains [152], but this application has not found much use. It was somi discovered that the bacteriophage-derived endosialidase is suitable for the study of eukaryotic... 

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