Petroleum treatment catalytic

Cycloversion A petroleum treatment process which combined catalytic reforming with hydrodesulfurization. The catalyst was bauxite. The process differed from the Houdry process in that the catalyst bed temperature was controlled by injecting an inert gas. Developed by the Phillips Petroleum Company and used in the United States in the 1940s. Pet. Refin., 1960, 39(9), 205. 

Cat cracking Distillate fractions. Liquefied petroleum gas Catalytic treatment in... 

Furthermore, molecular analysis is absolutely necessary for the petroleum industry in order to interpret the chemical processes being used and to evaluate the efficiency of treatments whether they be thermal or catalytic. This chapter will therefore present physical analytical methods used in the molecular characterization of petroleum. 

Solvent extraction may also be used to reduce asphaltenes and metals from heavy fractions and residues before using them in catalytic cracking. The organic solvent separates the resids into demetallized oil with lower metal and asphaltene content than the feed, and asphalt with high metal content. Figure 3-2 shows the IFP deasphalting process and Table 3-2 shows the analysis of feed before and after solvent treatment. Solvent extraction is used extensively in the petroleum refining industry. Each process uses its selective solvent, but, the basic principle is the same as above. 

Acidic micro- and mesoporous materials, and in particular USY type zeolites, are widely used in petroleum refinery and petrochemical industry. Dealumination treatment of Y type zeolites referred to as ultrastabilisation is carried out to tune acidity, porosity and stability of these materials [1]. Dealumination by high temperature treatment in presence of steam creates a secondary mesoporous network inside individual zeolite crystals. In view of catalytic applications, it is essential to characterize those mesopores and to distinguish mesopores connected to the external surface of the zeolite crystal from mesopores present as cavities accessible via micropores only [2]. Externally accessible mesopores increase catalytic effectiveness by lifting diffusion limitation and facilitating desorption of reaction products [3], The aim of this paper is to characterize those mesopores by means of catalytic test reaction and liquid phase breakthrough experiments. 

Coal liquefaction Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Synthesis of methanol Hydrogenation of oils Alkylation of methanol and benzene Polymerization of olefins Hydrogenation of coal oils, heavy oil fractions, and unsaturated fatty acids Adsorption of S02 in an aqueous slurry of magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate S02 or removal from tail gas Wet oxidation of waste sludge Catalytic desulfurization of petroleum fractions Wastewater treatment... 

An additional problem in processing of shale oil compared with petroleum processing is the presence of appreciable quantities of arsenic in shale oil. Arsenic can be a poison for hydrodenitrification catalysts (19). Various pretreatment steps, such as contacting with sodium hydroxide (19) or using a catalytic guard bed (20) or noncatalytic heat treatment (21), have been proposed to remove the arsenic prior to hydrodenitrification. 

Figure 1.1 The basic building blocks for chemicals that are obtained from heterogeneous catalytic (and noncatalytic) treatment of crude petroleum.

Activated carbon fibers made from various precursors have been investigated (i.e., polyacrylonitrile or PAN, coal tar pitch, petroleum pitch, and oil shale tars) and have all exhibited high activity for SO2 conversion [47]. It has also been shown that heat treatment of the fibers can increase the catalytic activity, the extent of change being dependent upon the type of fiber, and the heat treatment temperature and atmosphere [48]. 

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