Petroleum nitrophenols

Alkylphenols, ammonia, asbestos, chlorinated paraffins, 4-chloroaniline, cyanide, detergents, di- -butyl phthalate, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs e.g. anthracene, benzopyrene, methylcholanthrene, /i-naphthoflavone), nitrate, nitrite, petroleum oil, phenol, pentachlorophenol, 4-nitrophenol, dinitro-o-cresol, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs especially coplanar), polychlorinated dioxins, polybrominated naphthalenes, /i-sitosterol, sulfide, thiourea, urea, acid water, coal dust... 

The nitrophenols have been identified in effluents from several industries. 2-Nitrophenol has been detected in effluents from photographic and electronics industries (Bursey and Pellizzari 1982). Nitrophenols (isomer unidentified) at a concentration of 5 mg/L was detected in oil shale retort water (Dobson et al. 1985). Nitrophenols have been identified in effluents from other chemical plants, as well. 4-Nitrophenol has been identified in effluent from a pesticide plant (EPA 1985). Both 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol were detected in the final effluent from the waste water of a petroleum refining industry (Snider and Manning 1982). Nitrophenols have also been identified in primary and secondary effluents of municipal waste water treatment plants. For example, both nitrophenols were identified in the secondary effluent from a waste water treatment plant in Sauget, Illinois, (Ellis et al. 1982), and 4-nitrophenol was detected in both primary and secondary effluent... 

Properties Tensile strength (psi) 32,000-39,000, d 1.14-1.17, break elongation 20-28%, moisture regain 1.5% (21.2C, 65% RH), softens at 235C, soluble in butyrolactone (hot), dimethyl formamide (hot), ethylene carbonate (hot), resistant to mineral acids, fair to good resistance to weak alkalies. Insoluble in alcohol, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and petroleum ether soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, maleic anhydride, ethylene carbonate, nitriles, and nitrophenols. 

A. Synthesis of Substrates. -Nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) was synthesized from -nitrophenol and acetic anhydride according to the general method of Bender and Nakamura (11). The ester was recrystallized four times from petroleum ether giving a melting point of 78-79 C (lit. 81-82 C). 

Nitrophcnol [554-84-7] M 139.1, m 96°, b 160-165°/12mm, pK 8.36. Crystallise 3-nitrophenol from water, CHCI3, CS2, EtOH or petroleum ether (b 80-100°), and dry it under vacuum over P2O5 at room temperature. It can also be distilled at low pressure. The 4-nitrobenzoate had m 174° (from EtOH). [Beilstein 6... 

Nitrophenol [88-75-5] M 139.1, m 44.5-45.5 , b 214-215 /760mm, pK 7.23. Crystalhse 2-nitrophenol from EtOH/water, water, EtOH, benzene or MeOH/petroleum ether (b 70-90 ). It can be steam distilled. Petracci and Weygandt Anal Chem 33 275 1961] ciystallised it from hot water (twice), then EtOH (twice), followed by fractional ciystalhsation from the melt (twice), drying over CaCl2 in a vacuum desiccator and then in a drying pistol. The 4-nitrobenzoate had m 141 (from EtOH). Beilstein 6 IV 1246.]... 

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