Pesticide developing country

Pesticides—Toxicology, 2. Pesticides-Developing countries. 3. Pesticide residues—Developing countries. 4. Pesticides—Environmental aspects. I. Title... 

International Safety Guidelines for Pesticides Formulation in Developing Countries. Vienna. 

McConnell R, Pacheco F, Wahlberg K, et al. 1999. Subclinical health effects of environmental pesticide contamination in a developing country Cholinesterase depression in children. Environ Res A81 87-91. 

Local certification has a number of advantages, not least that it is one way to reduce costs to producers in developing countries via locally determined fees reflecting local incomes (Barrett et al., 2001). To be accepted by the European Union (EU), local certification bodies are required to demonstrate that their standards of organic production and inspection are equivalent to EU regulations. The standards need not necessarily be identical, however, and as such this means more locally appropriate standards can be set in place. For example, local certification bodies may well allow the use of such natural pesticides that would not normally be allowed under EU Standards (Myers, 2000). 

Igbedioh SO (1991) Effects of agricultural pesticides on humans, animals and higher plants in developing countries. Arch Environ Health 46(4) 218-224... 

The economic impact of pesticides in nontarget species (including humans) has been estimated at approximately 8 billion annually in developing countries (Wadhwani and Lall 1972). For developing countries, it is imperative to use pesticides, as no one would prefer famine or hunger but the prices of pesticides are high and therefore allelopathy is cheap and environmental friendly solution. 

In comparison with developed countries, some Asian countries have emerged as large users of pesticides, less so in the case of fungicides and herbicides. Total sale of pesticides in the Asian region has grown from US 5.0 billion in 1983 to almost... 

Rachel Carson s book Silent Spring that was published in 1962, was the first popular work to bring the uncontrolled environmental contamination by pesticides to public attention. Well-publicized and well-organized campaigns were mounted in several countries to prohibit the use of DDT and other persistent chlorinated insecticides such as Aldrin and heptachlor. Governments in many developed countries like USA,... 

Although the use of organochlorinated substances has been abolished in most of the developed countries, their extensive use during the past decades and their persistence in the environment determine their actual widespread distribution. Moreover, some substances are not used or commercialized but are still important synthetic intermediates for the preparation of other substances. Thus, chlorophenols are important intermediates in the production of pesticides or other chemicals. Other substances such as PCDEs or PCDDs are... 

With estimates of 3 million people being overtly affected by pesticides each year, there is clearly much work to be done to reduce exposures. Developing countries continue to use pesticides that have been banned in the United States and Europe. 

Following the U.S. lead, most developed countries soon imposed outright bans on DDT for all uses. Some developing countries imposed a complete ban on the pesticide, as Sri Lanka did inl964, when officials believed the malaria problem was solved. By 1969 the number of cases had risen from the low of seventeen (when DDT was used) to over a half million. Other developing countries —South Africa, for example—banned DDT for agricultural use (in 1974). 

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