Peroxisome proliferator-activated response elements

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors. Figure 2 Binding of PPAR RXR heterodimers to DR1 PPRE-responsive elements. Abbreviations DR1, a direct repeat organization of the A/GGGTCA hexamer half-site separated by a single nucleotide spacer. 

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors. Figure 3 Transcription of PPAR target genes. A schematic representation of the transcription of PPAR-regulated genes in the absence (a) and presence (b) of PPAR ligand. Abbreviations PPAR-RE, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-response element RNA Pol II, RNA polymerase II TATA-BP, TATA-binding protein. 

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that bind to DNA response elements (PPREs) and control multiple aspects of lipid metabolism. Individual members of this family of zinc-finger proteins are activated by a variety of natural and xenobiotic dgands, including ... 

A novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor responsive element-luciferase reporter mouse reveals gender specificity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activity in liver. Mol Endocrinol. 21(2), 388-400. 

Tugwood,J. D., Issemann, I., Anderson, R. G., Bundell, K. R., McPheat, W. L., and Green, S. (1992). The mouse peroxisome proliferator activated receptor recognizes a response element in the 5 flanking sequence of the rat acyl CoA oxidase gene. EMBOJ. 11, 433-439. 

Figure 3 The PPAR family and its DNA properties, (a) The murine PPAR subfamily. The DNA and ligand-binding domains are indicated. Numbers represent percentage amino acid identity, (b) The PPARs bind to DR-1-type DNA response elements as heterodimers with RXR. The PPAR/RXR heterodimer can be activated by ligands for either PPAR or RXR. (Reproduced from Kliewer SA, Xu HE, Lambert MH, and Willson TM (2001) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors From genes to physiology. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 56 239-265, with permission from The Endocrine Society.)...

Palmer, C.N., M.H. Hsu, A.S. Muerhoff, K.J. Griffin and E.F. Johnson. Interaction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha with the retinoid X receptor alpha unmasks a cryptic peroxisome proliferator response element that overlaps an ARP-1 binding site in the CYP4A6 promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269 18083-18089, 1994. 

Fig. 2. Summary of the mode of action of peroxisome proliferators (PP) through the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). The activation of PPAR requires the retinoic X receptor (RXR). The receptors are found in the cytoplasm and once the ligands bind (1) they undergo a conformational change (2) that allows the complex to enter the nucleus (3). The complex then binds to the peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) in the promoter region of target genes to alter transcription (4). Modified from Gervois et alP...

Vu-Dac, N., Schoonjans, K., Laine, B., Fruchart, J. C., Auwerx, J., and Staels, B. (1994). Negative regulation of the human apolipoprotein A-I promoter by fibrates can be attenuated by the interaction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor with its response element J Biol Chem 269, 31012-31018. 

Abbreviations FASN, fatty acid synthase ACC, acetyl-CoA-carboxylase ACL, ATP-citrate lyase NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate MAT, malonyl acetyl transferases KS, ketoacyl synthase KR, p-ketoacyl reductase DH, p-hydroxyacyl dehydratase ER, enoyl reductase TE, thioesterase ACP, acyl carrier protein VLCFA, very long chain fatty acids ELOVL, elongation of very long chain fatty acids SCDl, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 AMPK, AMP-activated kinase ME, malic enzyme FASKOL, liver-specific deletion of FAS PPARa, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activating Receptor alpha HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA SREBP, sterol response element binding protein SIP, site-one protease S2P, site-two... 

Fig. 6. Coordinated transcriptional regulation of fatty acid desaturases and elongases in mammals. PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids +, stimulation inhibition LXR, liver X receptor RXR retinoid X receptor SREBP, sterol regulatory element binding protein ChREBP, carbohydrate response element binding protein Mix, Max-like receptor PPAR-ot, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha LXRE, liver X receptor response element SRE, sterol response element ChoRE, carbohydrate response element PPRE, peroxisome proliferator response element. (See color plate section, plate no. 6.)...

---