Peroxidase reactivation

The catalytic activity of co-ordination compounds in oxidations continues to be examined and, together with the Faraday Society Discussion, other aspects of this area of investigation have been the subject of recent reviews. Redox reactions involving bipyridyl and u-phenanthroline complexes of transition metals have been discussed and catalytic oxidations of complexes of manganese, cobalt, copper, and palladium have also been surveyed. Reviews are also available of ruthenium ammine chemistry, and redox reactions involving molybdenum complexes, together with an account of catalase and peroxidase reactivity of copper(ii) complexes. ... 

Luminol (alkaline) Transition metal ions, H2O2, peroxidase, reactive oxygen species 425 nm... 

Figure 15.11 Possible scheme for the formation of free radicals from the metabolism of dopamine. Normally hydrogen peroxide formed from the deamination of DA is detoxified to H2O along with the production of oxidised glutathione (GSSG) from its reduced form (GSH), by glutathione peroxidase. This reaction is restricted in the brain, however, because of low levels of the peroxidase. By contrast the formation of the reactive OH-radical (toxification) is enhanced in the substantia nigra because of its high levels of active iron and the low concentration of transferin to bind it. This potential toxic process could be enhanced by extra DA formed from levodopa in the therapy of PD (see Olanow 1993 and Olanow et al. 1998)...

Brennan M-L and et al. (2002) A tale of two controversies. Defining both the role of peroxidases in nitrotyro-sine formation in vivo using eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase-deficient mice, and the natnre of the peroxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species. J Biol Chem 277 17415-17427. 

Glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Pxase) is an enzyme found in erythroqrtes and other tissues that has an essential selenocysteine residue involved in the catalytic decomposition of reactive oxygen species. In the erythrocyte, hydrogen peroxide is the principle reactive oxygen species available. 

Higuchi, M., Cartier, L.J., Chen, M. and HoUoszy, J.O. (1985). Superoxide dismutase and catalase in skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise. J. Gerontol. 40, 281-286. Hunter, M.I.S., Brzeski, M.S. and de Vane, P.J. (1981). Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and thiobarbi-turic acid-reactive compounds in erythrocytes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Clin. Chim. Acta 115, 93-98. 

The enzymatic reactions of peroxidases and oxygenases involve a two-electron oxidation of iron(III) and the formation of highly reactive [Fe O] " species with a formal oxidation state of +V. Direct (spectroscopic) evidence of the formation of a genuine iron(V) compound is elusive because of the short life times of the reactive intermediates [173, 174]. These species have been safely inferred from enzymatic considerations as the active oxidants for several oxidation reactions catalyzed by nonheme iron centers with innocent, that is, redox-inactive, ligands [175]. This conclusion is different from those known for heme peroxidases and oxygenases... 

Rodrfguez-Lopez, J.N., Gilabert, M.A., Tudela, J., Thorneley, R.N.R, and Garcfa-Canovas, R, Reactivity of horseradish peroxidase compound II toward substrates kinetic evidence for a two-step mechanism,... 

The effectors of the mammalian host immune attack against filaria include reactive oxygen intermediates. Filarial nematodes express glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin peroxidase and superoxide dismutase at their surface - enzymes believed to protect the nematode from this attack (Selkirk et al., 1998). A bacterial catalase gene has been identified that most probably derives from the endosymbiont genome (Henkle-Duhrsen et al., 1998) this enzyme may contribute with other enzymes to the protection of both Wolbachia and its nematode host from oxygen radicals. 

Alternative metabolic pathways involve ring-oxidation and peroxidation of arylamines. Although ring-oxidation is generally considered a detoxification reaction, an electrophilic iminoquinone (X) can be formed by a secondary oxidation of the aminophenol metabolite (18,19). Lastly, reactive imines (XI) can be formed from the primary arylamines by peroxidase-catalyzed reactions that involve free radical intermediates (reviewed in 20). 

The role of N-acetoxy arylamides as metabolically formed ultimate carcinogens jji vivo also appears to be limited. Their enzymatic formation via peroxidation of N-hydroxy arylamides can be excluded since tissues containing high levels of peroxidases such as the rat mammary gland (83) and the dog urinary bladder (84) do not form acetylated carcinogen-DNA adducts in vivo (63). Their non-enzymatic formation by reaction of acetyl coenzyme A with N-hydroxy arylamides (6 ) cannot be excluded however, even if formed, their direct reaction with cellular DNA appears unlikely as treatment of cultured cells with synthetic N-acetoxy AAF (85,86) results primarily in deacetylated arylamine-DNA adducts, apparently due to rapid N-deacetylation to form the reactive N-acetoxy arylamine (V). 

The use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant is not compatible with the operation of a biocatalytic fuel cell in vivo, because of low levels of peroxide available, and the toxicity associated with this reactive oxygen species. In addition peroxide reduction cannot be used in a membraneless system as it could well be oxidized at the anode. Nevertheless, some elegant approaches to biocatalytic fuel cell electrode configuration have been demonstrated using peroxidases as the biocatalyst and will be briefly reviewed here. 

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