Permitted colorants

Lighting. An important appHcation of clear fused quartz is as envelop material for mercury vapor lamps (228). In addition to resistance to deformation at operating temperatures and pressures, fused quartz offers ultraviolet transmission to permit color correction. Color is corrected by coating the iaside of the outer envelope of the mercury vapor lamp with phosphor (see Luminescent materials). Ultraviolet light from the arc passes through the fused quartz envelope and excites the phosphor, produciag a color nearer the red end of the spectmm (229). A more recent improvement is the iacorporation of metal haHdes ia the lamp (230,231). 

Permitted Colorants. The coloiants Hsted in Tables 1—4 appeal in the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 70-82). The stmctuies shown in Figuies 1—3 aie, in geneial, taken fiom the Colourindex (Cl) and lepiesent each coloiant s piincipal component. 

Colorants were the first food additives subjected to governmental regulation in the United States (US). After successive toxicological evaluations, the Food and Drug Administration established a list of permitted colorants and lakes. Only 7 synthetic pigments (and 2 others with restrictions) and 6 of their lakes are now permitted as food colorants in the US while 17 are permitted in the European Union (EU) see Table 7.3.L - ... 

In the EU, the use of color additives in food was settled by two directives 94/36/EC, which establishes the list of permitted colors, and 95/45/EC, which deals with purity criteria for colors. Directive 94/36/EC also contains five annexes ... 

List of foodstuffs to which only certain permitted colors may be added... 

The 1938 law required colorants on the permitted list to be harmless and suitable for food but the FDA interpreted harmless to mean harmless at any level and this proved to be unworkable. The Color Additive Amendment of 1960 eliminated the harmless per se interpretation and resulted in a list of nine permitted colorants. The list was reduced to eight with the delisting of FD C... 

Hesse justified his rejection of these dyes of customarily low quality by pointing out that several German firms were offering, at premium prices, chemically pure grades of at least two of the intermediates used in preparation of the permitted colors, paranitroanilinie and betanapthol. Thus, a high quality product was technically feasible (31). 

Previously, several different colorants were used in foods. However, there has been a gradual erosion of synthetic colors from the permitted list of many countries (142). Today, the types of colorants permitted for use varies greatly among countries. In the United States, seven synthetic colors are permitted for general use in foods. The European Economic Community allows much more than that. Norway, however, prohibits the use of any synthetic dye in the manufacture of foods. Therefore, color additives can become trade barriers for foods. Since international trade is becoming increasingly important, there is need of a worldwide list of permitted color additives (128,136,150). 

Our deactivation, or fixing speed, was purposely low, so that the materials could be handled in ambient light. Could we speed it up During our discussion I suggested that as we needed plasticizer to permit color formation to occur at all, perhaps we needed to consider the rapid photochemical removal of the plasticizer as a route toward a higher speed. All of a sudden, an obvious approach appeared Use a monomer as plasticizer, and polymerization to fix the system. Cescon and Cohen immediately began to purify monomers, because they were excited to demonstrate new technology. 

To be used or sold for use to color food that is marketed in the United States, this color additive must be from a batch that has been certified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). If it is not from an FDA-certified batch, it is not a permitted color additive for food use in the United States, even if it is compositionally equivalent. The name FD C Red No. 40 can be applied only to FDA-certified batches of this color additive. Allura Red is a common name given to the uncertified colorant. See the monograph entitled FD C Red No. 40 for directions for producing an FDA-certified batch. 

Many synthetic and natural colors are used in foods all over the world. In Japan, 12 synthetic and 66 natural colors are generally permitted for use in foods. The Japanese government requires labeling on the package concerning kinds of colors that have been used in the contained foods. However, non-permitted colors are also frequently detected in food, and also unlabeled foods are found in the market. Thus, the inspection of colors in foods has been performed by a public health agency. 

The function of a die is to accept the available melt from an extruder and deliver it to takeoff equipment as a shaped profile (film, sheet, pipe, filament, etc.) with minimum deviation in cross-sectional dimensions and a uniform output by weight, at the fastest possible rate. A well-designed die should permit color and compatible resin changes quickly with little off-grade material. It will distribute the melt in the die flow channels so that it exists with a uniform density and velocity (see Fig. 7-33) [10]. 

Food dyes permitted in Japan were investigated under fast atom bombardment (FAB) and liquid secondary ion (LSI) MS conditions with use of various materials. The mobile phase 10% Na2S04 solution-methanol-ethylmethyl ketone (7 2 2) was used for xanthenes and 10% Na2S04 solution-methanol-acetonitrile (10 3 3) for other dyes (102a). Seven permitted coloring materials used in foods and pharmaceutical preparations in Egypt were separated by two dimentional TLC on cellulose layers (102b). 

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