Permeability effect

The invasion diameters at various times should follow one of the permeability curves. Note that the permeability effect is seen only for formations with 1 md or less permeability. Above 1 md, the invasion diameter is dependent mostly on porosity. 

The numerical efficiency of the viscosity lower bound method has allowed calculations on considerably longer chains. The long chain Hmit results for 12-arm stars without intramolecular interactions and with EV (up to 325 beads) and in the theta region (up to 145 beads) [164] are close to the previous estimates with shorter chains (the extrapolated ratio g obtained in this study is also included in Table 4). The lower bound method has also served to characterize globule-coil transitions of 12-arm star chains from intrinsic viscosity calculations [143], though finite size effects are considerably more important than in the characterization of this transition from the radius of gyration data (see Fig. 17). This is due to the noticeable increase in the solvent permeabiHty associated with the chain expansion in better solvent conditions. However, the permeability effects are smaller in the more compact star chains than in their linear counterparts. 

Oliveira-Castro GM, Loewenstein WR Junctional membrane permeability Effects of divalent cations. J Membr Biol 1971 5 51-77. 

Pile, A.J, Smaje, L.H., 1992. The H3 antagonist thioperamide inhibits the permeability effect of histamine in rat microvessels via an Hi receptor effect. Br. J. Pharmacol. 105, 210P. 

Olsen, T.W., et al. 1995. Human scleral permeability. Effects of age, cryotherapy, transscleral diode laser, and surgical thinning. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36 1893. 

Apparent viscosity the viscosity of a fluid, or several fluids flowing simultaneously, measured in a porous medium (rock), and subject to both viscosity and permeability effects also called effective viscosity. 

Porosity, gas permeability, effective heat conductivity of a hydride bed... 

The problems with the various lipidization strategies described include the limitations posed by the 400-600 Dalton molecular weight threshold of the BBB. Increased lipidization will also cause enhanced dmg distribution into peripheral tissues, thereby offsetting the enhanced BBB permeability effects, and active concentrations in the CNS can only be maintained if the blood concentrations are maintained at adequately high levels. 

The potential consequences of the peroxidation of membrane lipids include loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids, decreased lipid fluidity, altered membrane permeability, effects on membrane-associated enzymes, altered ion transport, release of material from subcellular compartments, and the generation of cytotoxic metabolites of lipid hydroperoxides. The physiological significance of lipid peroxidation products is shown in Table 1. 

The surfactant has two important roles in CO2 foam. First, it increases the apparent viscosity of CO2 so that brine and oil are displaced in a stable manner. Second, the surfactant lowers the interfacial tension between CO2 and brine which promotes brine displacement. Reducing the brine saturation below S c allows bulk-phase CO2 to completely access the oil-filled pore network. A high-saturation brine bank also retards CO2 mobility by relative permeability effects. The brine bank carries surfactant and allows oil reconnection and mobilization ahead of the bulk CO2 phase because of the favorable partitioning of CO2 from brine into oil. 

Connate brine was reduced below Swc 38 to 18 saturation percent ultimately, and caused a brine bank of 70+ saturation percent to immediately proceed and retard the mobility of the bulk-phase CO2 by relative permeability effects. Oil mobilization ahead of the bulk CO2 occurred as CO2 partitioned into and swelled the trapped oil above Sorw was displaced by mobile brine. 

It also appears that interfacial tension lowering between the CO2 and brine is beneficial. This allows brine displacement below Swc which provides additional mobility control by relative permeability effects without requiring large pressure drops. 

Whitworth T. M. and Fritz S. J. (1994) Electrolyte-induced solute permeability effects in compacted smectite membranes. Appl. Geochem. 9, 533-546. 

Persson, C.G.A., Ekman, M. and Erjefalt, I. (1978). Terbuta-line preventing permeability effects of histamine in the lung. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 42, 395-397. 

Freeman, D.H. 1990. Permeability effects of deformation bands in porous sandstones. MS Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 90 pp. 

The acetoxymethyl (AM) ester loading technique was used for loading BCECF into Hb. salinarum. The AM ester derivative of BCECF (BCECF/AM) is membrane-permeable and can enter into cells without disrupting their membranes. The AM ester is then cleaved by intracellular esterase to form BCECF, which has a very low membrane permeability, effectively trapping it inside the cell. 

Eigure 5.48 shows the permeability effect on the maximum permeability reduction factor, Ekrmax, predicted from Eq. 5.37. This figure shows that Fbjnax decreases with permeability, which is consistent with the observation that the polymer retention decreases with permeability, as shown in Figure 5.46. The laboratory-measured permeability reduction data at the polymer concentration... 

Taber, J.J., Kirby, J.C., Schroeder, F.U., 1973. Studies on the displacement of residual oil viscosity and permeability effects. AIChE Symp. Series 69, 53. 

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