Performance Improvement Results

Several observations from such a comparison are immediately apparent  

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Battery scientists recommend that the circulation of the electrolyte could improve battery performance by minimizing the abovementioned negative effects. The performance is strictly dependent on whether the circulation of the electrolyte is by forced circulation or free circulation. Experimental data obtained by battery designers indicate that substantial performance improvements result from forced circulation, which could be an improvement as high as 16% in the power output of the battery. Circulation of the electrolyte is considered to be the most effective optimization technique for the liquid electrolyte. This performance enhancement technique would be valid for any battery system that uses a liquid electrolyte. The impact of the electrolyte optimization is evident from the data presented in the fourth column of Table 6.13. The battery designers believe that raising the temperature of the electrolyte will also lead to additional performance improvements in the battery using a liquid electrolyte. 

Development of the first recycle reactor was one of the consequences of a challenging situation. The ethylene oxide process had reached a high level of sophistication and excellent performance after 25 years of continuous R D. To improve results achieved by so many excellent people over so many years was a formidable task. 

Applicability of Semiconductor Gas Sensors Research into the applications of this type of sensor has mainly been concerned with measuring carbon monoxide concentration in flue gases. Tests show that sensors follow the concentration of carbon monoxide in the flue gas. Improvement in sensor performance has resulted with the introduction of a catalytic additive (palladium or... 

Aldol additions of various lithium enolates performed in the presence of (S.S)-l, 4-bisdimethyl-amino-2,3-dimethoxypentane or (.SVS )-1,2,3,4-tctramethoxybutane display only modest reagent-induced stereoselectivity (<20% ee)21. Significant improvement results from the use of the proline derived diamines 2,3 and 4 as additives in tin(II) mediated aldol additions of silyl enol ethers22 23. 

There is also oxifluorination that is a process in which fluorine gas is thinned with nitrogen to which several percent of oxygen by volume have been added. Subjecting PE to fluorine and oxygen at the same time leads to functionalization of the PE, making it impermeable. This technique permits substantially reducing the required amount of fluorine, resulting in a cost-to-performance improvement. 

Expls similar to Octol, viz, HMX/TNT/Al/Wax, 47/31/22/3-5, have been prepd and tested for air-blast and underwater effectiveness. The performance improvements that resulted (1—2%) over Cyclotol analogs were not considered worth the additional cost (Ref 4), and other expls are generally exploited for such applications... 

The question of selecting the most appropriate method for any one compound has been addressed recently by Kiihne et al. [52]. Initially several different methods are used to predict the solubility of a reference library of compounds. A subset of compounds from this reference library that are most similar to the compound of interest is identified and the method with the smallest sum of errors in the predicted solubility for this subset is chosen to predict the solubility. Dearden [3] considered whether a consensus approach could improve prediction over any one method. While the predictions from certain pairs of methods could be combined with improved results, some combinations led to poorer performance than either method alone. Chen et al. [53] were able to achieve improved correlation with their QSPR model using different QSPRs for different classes of compounds. Thus, while each QSPR used the same set of eight descriptors, the contribution of each descriptor changed according to the compound type. Each group had 82-101 compounds and achieved an of 0.86-0.92. 

A feasible hydrogenation process was developed for the production of 4,6-diamino resorcinol from 4,6-bisphenylazo resorcinol. In the final process 0.8% catalyst (SQ-6, 10% Pd/C) was nsed in five snbseqnent reactions, this means that the specific catalyst consumption was less than 1 500 with respect to the substrate. The yield of the raw product (diamino resorcinol.2HC1) was quantitative, but its aniline content was 3-6 %, after purification the yield was 74-76%, the purity >99%. Even the color of the product was white. The aniline conld be recycled with more than 80% yield. The key to the improved results is that the hydrogenation was performed in the absence of HCl. After the reaction, the product was treated with HCl under hydrogen, and this procedure improved catalyst life. 

The results of these two studies and others provide further support for the theoretical inverted U-shaped arousal function. In the first case,93 high doses of caffeine pushed subjects over the top of the curve and hence impaired vigilance performance. As time passed and the subject became more accustomed to the experimental situation, arousal returned to more optimal levels and performance improved. In the second study,94 caffeine combined with moderately high intensity situational stimulation (white noise) to drive arousal up beyond the point of transmarginal inhibition and, again, decrease performance. 

Copolymers of MDTHD and DMAPMA appeared to be the most effective silica, calcite, and hematite mineral fines stabilizers. Increasing the copolymer MDTHD content had little effect on polymer performance. Similar results were observed for a series of MDTHD -DMAEMA copolymers and a series of DMAEMA CH-C1 salt - DMAEMA copolymers (Table VI). In contrast, increasing the MDTHD content of MDTHD - NNDMAm copolymers from 67% to 90% improved copolymer performance as a silica fines and hematite fines stabilizer. 

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation investigated alloyed catalysts, processes to produce thinner electrolytes, and increases in utilization of the catalyst layer (20). These improvements resulted in an initial atmospheric performance of 0.65 mV at 300 mA/cm or 0.195 W/cm, which is higher than the IFC performance mentioned above (presented in Table 5-2 for comparison). Note that this performance was obtained on small 100 cm cells and may not yet have been demonstrated with full-scale cells in stacks. Approaches to increase life are to use series fuel gas flow in the stack to alleviate corrosion, provide well-balanced micro-pore size reservoirs to avoid electrolyte flooding, and use a high corrosion resistant carbon support for the cathode catalyst. These improvements have resulted in the lowest PAFC degradation rate publicly acknowledged, 2 mV/1000 hours for 10,000 hours at 200 to 250 mA/cm in a short stack with 3600 cm area cells. 

The anode shows no significant performance improvement from 140 to 180° on pure H2, but in the presence of CO, increasing the temperature results in a marked improvement in performance (see discussion in Section 5.2.4). 

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